Under the Bridge

Infobox Single
Name = Under the Bridge


Artist = Red Hot Chili Peppers
from Album = Blood Sugar Sex Magik
B-side = "Sikamikanico"
"Search and Destroy"
"Soul to Squeeze"
"Fela's Cock" (1994 re-issue)
Released = March 13, 1992
Format = CD, 7" vinyl, 12" vinyl
Recorded = April – June 1991 at The Mansion in Los Angeles, California
Genre = Alternative rock
Length = 4:24
Label = Warner Bros.
Writer = Anthony Kiedis, John Frusciante, Flea, Chad Smith
Producer = Rick Rubin
Certification =
Last single = "Give It Away"
(1991)
This single = "Under the Bridge"
(1992)
Next single = "Suck My Kiss"
(1992)
Misc = "Under the Bridge" is a song by the American alternative rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers, released on March 13, 1992 as the second single from the group's fifth studio album "Blood Sugar Sex Magik". Vocalist Anthony Kiedis wrote the lyrics to express a feeling of loneliness and despondency and to reflect on narcotics and their impact on his life. Kiedis initially did not feel "Under the Bridge" would fit into the Chili Peppers' repertoire and was reluctant to show it to his band mates until producer Rick Rubin implored him to do so. The rest of the band was receptive to the lyrics and wrote the accompanying music.

The song became a critical and commercial success, peaking at number two on the "Billboard" Hot 100; it was later certified platinum by the RIAA. The single's success was widened with the release of its accompanying video, which was frequently played on music television channels. It won the "Viewer's Choice Award" and "Breakthrough Video" at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards.

"Under the Bridge" allowed the Red Hot Chili Peppers to enter the mainstream. David Fricke of "Rolling Stone" said the song "unexpectedly drop-kicked the band into the Top 10",Cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/redhotchilipeppers/articles/story/5938432/the_naked_truth|title=The Naked Truth|date=June 25, 1992|author=David Fricke|accessdate=2007-08-10|publisher="Rolling Stone"] while Philip Booth of "The Tampa Tribune" commented that it was a "pretty, undulating, [and] by-now omnipresent single."Booth, Philip (August 21, 1992). "ChiliPeppers Will Sock It To Ya." "The Tampa Tribune".] Its success led in part to the departure of guitarist John Frusciante, who preferred the band to remain underground. The song has become an inspiration to other artists, and remains a seminal component of the alternative rock movement of the early- and mid-1990s.

Origins and recording

During the production of the Red Hot Chili Peppers' 1991 album "Blood Sugar Sex Magik", producer Rick Rubin regularly visited singer Anthony Kiedis to review Kiedis's new material.Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. pp. 266–268] He found a poem titled "Under the Bridge" while flipping through Kiedis' notebook and instantly took an interest in the poignant lyrics. Rubin suggested Kiedis show it to the rest of the band: "I thought it was beautiful. I said 'We've got to do this.'" [Apter, 2004. p. 226] Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. pp. 265–266] Kiedis was exceedingly reluctant as he felt the poem was too emotional and did not fit the Chili Peppers' style.Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 267] After singing the poem to guitarist John Frusciante and bassist Flea, Kiedis recalls that they "got up and walked over to their instruments and started finding the beat and guitar chords to match it". Frusciante chose the chords he played in the introduction to balance out the depressing nature of the lyrics, saying "my brain interpreted it as being a really sad song so I thought if the lyrics are really sad like that I should write some chords that are happier".The Making of "Under the Bridge"; Red Hot Chili Peppers Greatest Hits]

For several days Frusciante and Kiedis worked on the song, and it became one of the few tracks written and completed prior to the band moving into The Mansion where they recorded the album. After the song was recorded, Rubin felt the grand and epic outro would benefit from a large group of singers. Frusciante invited his mother, Gail and her friends, all of whom sang in a choir, to perform.Apter, 2004. p. 226]

Lyrics and meaning

Kiedis wrote much of the song's lyrics during a period when he felt distraught and emotionally drained. He had maintained sobriety for roughly three years and felt that this had distanced him from his bandmates. While the group worked on "Blood Sugar Sex Magik", Frusciante and Flea often smoked marijuana together, decisively ignoring and disregarding Kiedis. Because of this, Kiedis felt that Frusciante was "no longer in [his] world". Driving home after rehearsal in April 1991, Kiedis felt a profound sense of loss; felt his best friend, Flea, in some form resented him. His feelings reminded him of his heroin and cocaine addiction during his relationship with former girlfriend Ione Skye. In Keidis's words: "the loneliness that I was feeling triggered memories of my time with Ione and how I'd had this beautiful angel of a girl who was willing to give me all of her love, and instead of embracing that, I was downtown with fucking gangsters shooting speedballs under a bridge".

Kiedis' feelings of alienation from his bandmates led him to believe that the city of Los Angeles was his only companion. Kiedis reflected, "I felt an unspoken bond between me and my city. I'd spent so much time wandering through the streets of L.A. and hiking through the Hollywood Hills that I sensed there was a nonhuman entity, maybe the spirit of the hills and the city, who had me in her sights and was looking after me." The line "Sometimes I feel like/My only friend/Is the city I live in/The City of Angels/Lonely as I am/Together we cry" shows a direct link to Kiedis' isolation and sense of susceptibility. Despite these feelings, Kiedis believed his life was better without his addictions, telling "Rolling Stone" that "no matter how sad or lonely I got, things were a million percent better than they were two years earlier when I was using drugs all the time. There was no comparison". This ideology gave birth to the chorus of the song: "I don't ever want to feel/Like I did that day/Take me to the place I love"; the place he loves being his fellow band mates, friends and family.Red Hot Chili Peppers "Funky Monks". Warner Bros. Records. May 1992.]

One of the most notable verses in the song discuss the harsh effects of drugs, their role in destroying many of Kiedis' past relationships, and their impact on his happiness.Apter, 2004. pp. 223–225] Based on one of Kiedis's experiences, the verse illustrates his efforts to enter a gang territory under a bridge to purchase drugs. Kiedis was forced to pretend that a sister of one of the gang members was his fiancée to be permitted inside. Although he successfully acquired the drugs, Kiedis considers this moment to be one of the worst of his life as it demonstrated the level he was willing to sink to feed his addiction. Because of this, the singer refuses to acknowledge the location of the bridge, though he notes that it is in the downtown Los Angeles area.

Composition

"Under the Bridge" is performed in 4/4 time in the key of F# major, shifting to the key of E major after the introduction into the first verse."Blood Sugar Sex Magik" Guitar Recorded Versions, pp. 51–55] The song marks an important shift in style for Kiedis, who had spent most of his career singing rapidly due to his limited ability to reach high notes. The song begins with Frusciante playing a moderately slow intro that the guitarist said drew heavily on the 1971 David Bowie song "Andy Warhol".John Frusciante [http://youtube.com/watch?v=WIvjxI6QGxE Live In Amsterdam] . February 8, 2001 at the Paradiso.] As Kiedis begins to sing, the guitar playing becomes more rapid until it reaches an E major seven chord that halts the song; the silence is broken by closed hi-hat and wood block struck at a moderately fast tempo. Frusciante borrowed the E major seven chord technique from British guitarist Marc Bolan of the glam rock band T.Rex, who initially wrote it for the song "Rip Off"; Frusciante lightheartedly noted that "I ripped off a song called 'Rip Off'. I thought that was interesting."

The song continues with another verse and subsequent chorus, when the bass finally enters. After the next verse an E major seven chord again marks a break before the start of the chorus. The second chorus transitions into a different verse, where Chad Smith begins to play the drums, and Kiedis sings "Take me all the way/Yeah/Yeah-e-yeah/Oh no, no". A choir, whose presence was added to make the ending sound more epic, sings "Under the bridge downtown", in which Kiedis sings "Is where I drew some blood/I could not get enough/Forgot about my love/I gave my life away" in between. As the choir, Kiedis and drums stop, Frusciante and Flea play the outro until the song ends.

Release and reception

The first single off "Blood Sugar Sex Magik" was "Give It Away",Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. pp. 280–281] which reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot Modern Rock Tracks in late 1991.cite web| url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=5507&model.vnuAlbumId=815996|title=Red Hot Chili Peppers Artist Chart History: Singles| publisher="Billboard"| accessdate=2007-10-03] The band did not foresee "Under the Bridge" being as successful. Warner Bros. sent representatives to a Chili Peppers concert to determine which song should be the next single. When Frusciante began playing "Under the Bridge", Kiedis missed his cue and the entire audience began singing the song instead. Kiedis was initially "mortified that I had fucked up in front of Warner's people ... I apologized for fucking up but they said 'Fucking up? Are you kidding me? When every single kid at the show sings a song, that's our next single".Apter, 2004. pp. 234–235] "Under the Bridge" became the album's second single. It spent twenty-six cumulative weeks on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart,cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=379&cfgn=Singles&cfn=The+Billboard+Hot+100&ci=3012395&cdi=6624117&cid=06%2F20%2F1992|title="Under the Bridge" Chart Performance Week Of June 20, 1992|author=|publisher="Billboard"|accessdate=2008-04-21] peaking at number two, being held off the top by "Jump" by Kris Kross. The single has been certified platinum by the RIAA.Cite web|url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH|title=Certification Database|accessdate=2008-06-04|publisher=RIAA]

Critical response to "Under the Bridge" was universally positive. Tom Moon of "Rolling Stone" felt the song "revealed new dimensions. The rhythm section displays a growing curiosity about studio texture and nuance".Cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/308371/blood_sugar_sex_magik|title="Blood Sugar Sex Magik" Review|author=Tom Moon|accessdate=2008-01-21|publisher="Rolling Stone"] David Fricke of "Rolling Stone" said "Under the Bridge" is a "stark and uncommonly pensive ballad", commenting that the song "drop-kicked the band into the Top 10".Fricke, David. "Chili Peppers: Red Hot On The Charts, Road." "St. Louis Post-Dispatch". July 23, 1992.] Philip Booth of "The Tampa Tribune" believed the single was "undulating [and] omnipresent" not only in the alternative rock genre, but pop music as a whole. Ben DiPietro of the "Richmond Times-Dispatch" praised the record as a whole, but was most impressed by Chili Peppers' shift from exclusive hard rock to adding more moderately paced tracks: "there's still plenty of sonic funk to bang heads to, but the best tracks are the slower ones such as 'Under the Bridge'".Dipietro, Ben. "Guitarist Burns Red Hot Chili Peppers." "Richmond Times-Dispatch". June 7, 1992.] Amy Hanson of Allmusic noted that the song has "become an integral part of the 1990s alterna-landscape, and remains one of the purest diamonds that sparkle amongst the rough-hewn and rich funk chasms that dominate the Peppers’ own oeuvre".Cite web|url=http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=33:3zfwxxlsld0e|title="Under the Bridge" review|author=Hanson, Amy|publisher=Allmusic|accessdate=2008-01-21] She went on to praise "Under the Bridge" for being a "poignant sentiment that is self evident among the simple guitar which cradles the introductory verse, and the sense of fragility that is only doubled by the still down-tempo choral crescendo".

"Under the Bridge" has been included in many publications' "Best of ..." lists. In 2002, "Kerrang!" placed the song at number six on their list of the "100 Greatest Singles of All Time".Cite web|url=http://www.acclaimedmusic.net/061024/kerrang.htm|title=100 Greatest Singles of All Time|publisher="Kerrang!"|accessdate=2008-01-21] "Q" ranked the song number 180 on their compilation of the "1001 Best Songs, Ever"."1001 Greatest Songs of All Time." "Q". December 2002.] "Life" included "Under the Bridge" in the compilation "40 Years of Rock & Roll, 5 Songs Per Year 1952–1991", with the year being 1991.Cite web|url=http://www.life.com/Life/rocknroll/albums/1990s.html|title=40 Years of Rock & Roll, 5 Songs Per Year 1952–1991|publisher="Life"|accessdate=2008-01-21] Pause and Play included the song in their unordered list of the "10 Songs of the 90's";Cite web|url=http://www.pauseandplay.com/1990s1.htm|title=10 Songs of the 90's|publisher=Pause and Play|author=Galipault, Gerry|accessdate=2008-01-21] and the song ranked fifteenth in VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of the 90s".Cite web|url=http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/the_greatest/127762/episode_featured_copy.jhtml|title=100 Songs of the 90s|publisher=VH1|month=November | year=2007] "Rolling Stone" and MTV compiled a list of the "100 Greatest Pop Songs Since The Beatles" in 2000, with "Under the Bridge" coming in fifty-fourth."100 Greatest Pop Songs Since The Beatles." "Rolling Stone". December 7, 2000.] Australian music channel MAX compiled a list of the Top 100 rock songs of all time and Under the Bridge came 23rd.

Music video

The music video for "Under the Bridge" was directed by Gus Van Sant, who photographed the band during their stay at The Mansion and provided the art direction for "Blood Sugar Sex Magik". ["Blood Sugar Sex Magik" liner notes.] Van Sant knew Flea due to the bassist's role in his 1991 film "My Own Private Idaho". The members of the band respected Van Sant both as a person and an artist and were elated when he agreed to direct the video for "Under the Bridge".Apter, 2004. p. 230] Flea credits the video as "the thing that really made us break through the mainstream of American and worldwide pop culture".

The video was shot on the streets of Los Angeles and in a studio soundstage. It begins with Frusciante standing alone on a pedestal wearing a red-and-white-striped collared shirt, brown khaki pants, brown shoes, and a purple, green and multicolored pom-pom hat with white stitched wolves in the middle. He played a 1962 Ocean Turquoise Fender Jaguar behind the backdrop of a desert and an inverted cloudy sky. His shadow is projected on the left and right of where he stands. Frusciante's girlfriend of the time, Toni Oswald, selected his clothes that day. Frusciante remembers Van Sant's surprised, though favorable, reaction: "when I got [to the studio] Gus Van Sant was just looking at me and going 'God I'm so glad you wore that hat. I'm so glad you wore that shirt. Oh! Those pants are so great I'm so glad you wore those'". The video marks a significant shift in Frusciante's on-camera behavior; he no longer wished to jump around fervently as he had done in the band's prior music videos.

As Kiedis begins to sing he appears on camera bathed in purple light with blue fluorescent stars as a backdrop, surrounded by clouds. As the camera pans closer, an image of the skyline of Los Angeles is superimposed from his chin downwards. Flea and drummer Chad Smith are then placed into the image while playing their instruments. Van Sant wanted superimposing to be a notable component in the overall theme of the video; the idea came from a project he worked on with novelist William Burroughs. The scenes in the studio are coupled with scenes of Kiedis walking the streets of LA, wearing a white T-shirt with "To Hell And Back" printed on the front; as he walks, the camera focuses on various people. This, according to Kiedis, was vital; he felt the studio portion alone would not convey enough emotion: "the first time we shot [the video] it was all in a studio and that didn't seem to capture everything we needed to capture. It needed more; it needed to be combined with an outdoor, streets-of-Los-Angeles thing". Towards the end, Kiedis is seen running down the Los Angeles River in slow motion; the background is a shot of an atomic bomb exploding. The video ends with various superimposed images of the band, followed by Frusciante playing alone on a pedestal—this time with an inverted shot of the ocean as the sky.

MTV placed the "Under the Bridge" video on heavy rotation.Apter, 2004. pp. 244–249] At the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards the Red Hot Chili Peppers led the nominations, which included the categories of "Best Video", "Best Group", and "Best Direction".Hastings, Deborah (July 9, 1992). "Red Hot Chili Peppers Lead Nominations." "Associated Press".] "Red Hot Chili Peppers Top at MTV VMA's." "Worcester Telegram & Gazette". September 11, 1992.] "Under the Bridge" won the group "Breakthrough Video" and "Viewers Choice Best Video"; the band's video for "Give It Away" won "Best Art Direction". The video ranked eighth best in a poll dictated by the readers of the "Chicago Tribune" called "The Best and Worst of '92".Cheng, Jim (February 12, 1993). "The Best and Worst Of '92." "Chicago Tribune".]

Live performances

The song's widespread success has made it indispensable to the band's live set-lists.Apter, 2004. pp. 252–255] Unlike several of the Chili Peppers' other songs, "Under the Bridge" is not interpreted in a different manner than what is on the record—aside from being played acoustically the track is performed the same as it appears on "Blood Sugar Sex Magik". Kiedis is, however, notorious for being incapable of achieving several high notes in live performances;Cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE4D91E3EF931A15756C0A9659C8B63|title=The Red Mellowed Out Chili Peppers|author=Sanneh, Kelefa|date=May 22, 2003|publisher="The New York Times"|accessdate=2008-04-22] Kiedis has noted that he sometimes forgets or rearranges song lyrics in the verses.Kiedis, 2004. pp. 284–293] In 1992, Frusciante began to resent the song's popularity and would play convoluted intros, purposefully throwing Kiedis off. The most notable incident of such was during a televised performance on the highly rated program "Saturday Night Live" on February 22, 1992. Kiedis said it "felt like I was getting stabbed in the back and hung out to dry in front of all of America while [Frusciante] was off in a corner in the shadow, playing some dissonant out-of-tune experiment." The guitarist used a distortion pedal for the ending verse and screamed inaudibly into the microphone when providing backup vocals, both of which were not originally planned nor typical of live performances.Apter, 2004. p. 243] Nevertheless, sales of "Blood Sugar Sex Magik" skyrocketed following the show.

At times Kiedis has also resented singing the song, especially during instances when he felt distanced from the song's lyrics."Red Hot Chili Peppers iTunes Exclusive Interview." iTunes Originals. November 2007.] In the past few years, however, Kiedis has experienced a revival in interest: "Although there have been times when I was over ['Under the Bridge'] , I've rediscovered it and now I feel close to it and it still has power, and life, and purpose as a song." Frusciante believed the flexibility of "Under the Bridge" has contributed to its success: "A lot of the time that is one of the ingredients of a hit; you can hear it over and over and it will still always mean new things, but you do go through cycles." Flea believes the reason "Under the Bridge" has had a recent revival in relevancy is due to Frusciante's return to the band (after a break between 1992 and 1998). Flea believes it is vital to have the four members who wrote the track together. [Apter, 2004. pp. 342–349]

"Under the Bridge" was played at the 1999 Woodstock Festival, which the Red Hot Chili Peppers headlined. They were the final act to perform. Attempts at distributing candles that were to be lit during the song backfired. The crowd, which was already disorderly, instead created a bonfire. Lighthearted foul-play escalated into violence when several women who had been crowd surfing and moshing were raped and nearby property was looted and destroyed. [citeweb|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/july99/woodstock27.htm|title="Woodstock '99 Goes Up in Smoke"|author=Wartofsky, Aolna|date=July 27, 1999|accessdate=2007-06-28|publisher="The Washington Post"] [Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 424] [citeweb|title="Police investigate alleged rapes at Woodstock '99"|url=http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/Music/9907/29/woodstock.rape/|date=July 29, 1999|publisher=CNN|accessdate=2007-06-28] [citeweb|title="Repeated Violence"|publisher=The Lantern|url=http://media.www.thelantern.com/media/storage/paper333/news/2001/05/02/Opinion/Repeated.Violence-74898.shtml?sourcedomain=www.thelantern.com&MIIHost=media.collegepublisher.com|accessdate=2007-06-28] Other notable performances were at Slane Castle in August 2003 to 80,000 attendees; [Cite web|url=http://www.play.com/DVD/DVD/4-/140015/Red-Hot-Chili-Peppers-Live-At-Slane-Castle/Product.html|title="Live At Slane Castle"|accessdate=2007-07-21|publisher=Play.com] and in 2004 at London's Hyde Park. Over the course of three days an estimated 250,000 people attended the event.Cite web|url=http://music.yahoo.com/read/news/12178349|title=Chili Peppers Hot in London's Hyde Park|author=Waddell, Ray|month=June | year=2007|publisher=Yahoo! Music|accessdate=2008-01-20] Released as the band's first live album, the event became the highest grossing concert at a single venue in history, with a total revenue of $17.1 million. "Under the Bridge" is also performed on the Chili Peppers' concert video "Off the Map" released in 2001, and their exclusive iTunes Originals set-list in 2006.

Cover versions

"Under the Bridge" has been covered several times since its release in 1992.Cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=17:1624572~T00I|title='Under the Bridge' List of Covers|publisher=Allmusic|accessdate=2008-04-27] The song was first transcribed in 1994 by the a cappella group The Flying Pickets from their debut album "The Original Flying Pickets: Volume 1". Notable jazz musician Frank Bennett covered the song by fusing elements of big bands and bebop in his 1996 album "Five O'Clock Shadow". Hip hop artist Mos Def included the beginning verse of "Under the Bridge" in the song "Brooklyn", from his 1999 record "Black on Both Sides". He, however, changed the line "the city I live in, the City of Angels", which refers to Los Angeles, to "the city I live in is beautiful Brooklyn", to match his song's premise.Apter, 2004. p. 319] Tony Hadley covered the song on his 1995 album "Obsession". The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra has modified "Under the Bridge" at several concerts—they perform various rock pieces combined into a single orchestral ensemble, often including the Chili Peppers' hit.

Alternative hip hop band Gym Class Heroes performed "Under the Bridge" on the 2006 assemblage "Punk Goes '90s", an album that compiled popular rock songs from the 1990s being covered by contemporary artists. Gym Class Heroes continued to play "Under the Bridge" during their tour; lead singer Travis McCoy has said it is "a timeless song. It's one of those songs you hear and are like 'Damn did this shit just come out?'." [Cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I34o7Nf-7kk|title='Under the Bridge' cover performed live|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=2008-04-27] The most successful cover version of "Under the Bridge" was released in 1998 by the pop band All Saints, with the single reaching number one in the UK. The cover removed the final verse of the song that discusses drug use.Citation | date = 2006 | editor-last = Roberts | editor-first = David | title = British Hit Singles & Albums | edition = 19th | publisher = HIT Entertainment | isbn = 1-90499-410-5 ] Red Hot Chili Peppers were, however, displeased with this version; Kiedis felt the cover was poorly recreated and, with the omission of the final verse, it lost all personal significance.Apter, 2004. p. 335] The 1993 "Weird Al" Yankovic song "Bedrock Anthem", is part parody of "Under the Bridge" and "Give It Away". Yankovic's satire includes an intro similar to that of "Under the Bridge".

Track list

;CD (1992)
# "Under the Bridge" – 4:24
# "Sikamikanico" (Previously Unreleased) – 3:23
# "Soul to Squeeze" (Previously Unreleased) – 4:50
# "Search and Destroy" (Previously Unreleased) – 3:34

;7", cassette (1992)
# "Under the Bridge" – 4:24
# "The Righteous & the Wicked" (Album) – 4:08

;12" (1992)
# "Under the Bridge" – 4:24
# "Search and Destroy" (Previously Unreleased) – 3:34
# "Soul to Squeeze" (Previously Unreleased) – 4:50
# "Sikamikanico" (Previously Unreleased) – 3:23;UK CD1 (1994 UK re-release)
# "Under the Bridge" – 4:24
# "Sikamikanico" (Previously Unreleased) – 3:23
# "Suck My Kiss" (Live) – 3:45
# "Search and Destroy" (Previously Unreleased) – 3:34

;UK CD2 (1994 UK re-release)
# "Under the Bridge" – 4:24
# "Fela's Cock" (Previously Unreleased) – 5:10
# "I Could Have Lied" (Live) – 4:33
# "Give It Away" (In Progress) – 3:43

;7" Blue Vinyl (1994 UK re-release)
# "Under The Bridge" - 4:24
# "Suck My Kiss" (Live)- 3:45

Chart history

References

* cite book
last = Apter
first = Jeff
title = "Fornication: The Red Hot Chili Peppers Story"
year = 2004
publisher = Omnibus Press
isbn = 1-84449-381-4
* cite book
last = Kiedis
first = Anthony
authorlink = Anthony Kiedis
coauthors = Sloman, Larry
title = Scar Tissue
year = 2004
publisher = Hyperion
isbn = 1-4013-0101-0

Notes