Death of Mozart

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died at 1 AM on December 5, 1791, following a short illness. While the main outlines of Mozart's death are known, the full details are likely never to be made clear owing to conflicting or missing evidence. Areas of particular doubt are what particular disease caused Mozart's death, and what took place in the time just before.

Illness and last days

Mozart had health problems throughout his life, suffering at times from smallpox, tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, typhoid fever, rheumatism and gum disease. [For a thorough survey of Mozart's health history, with an M.D.'s proposed diagnoses, see Davies 1984.] His final illness began when he visited Prague (departing Vienna around 25 August 1791) to supervise the performance of his new opera La clemenza di Tito. The visit was fairly successful in professional terms, [For details, see Solomon 1995, 485-486.] but while in Prague Mozart began to feel seriously ill. His early biographer Franz Niemetschek wrote "he was pale and expression was sad, although his good humor was often shown in merry jest with his friends." [Quoted in Solomon 1995, 487] .

Following his return, Mozart's condition gradually worsened. [For this Solomon (1995, 586) cites an article in the Berlin "Musikalisches Wochenblatt" ("Musical Weekly"), written shortly after Mozart's death.] For a while, he was still able to work. In particular, he completed his Clarinet Concerto, worked toward the completion of the Requiem (an anonymous commission from Count Walsegg, who wanted to pass himself off as the composer [Solomon 1995, 482-485] ) and conducted the premiere performance of The Magic Flute, September 30). But he became increasingly alarmed and despondent about his health, probably even delusory. A famous anecdote from his wife Constanze is related in Niemetschek's early biography:

:"On his return to Vienna, his indisposition increased visibly and made him gloomily depressed. His wife was truly distressed over this. One day when she was driving in the Prater with him, to give him a little distraction and amusement, and they were sitting by themselves, Mozart began to speak of death, and declared that he was writing the Requiem for himself. Tears came to the eyes of the sensitive man: "I feel definitely," he continued, "that I will not last much longer; I am sure I have been poisoned. I cannot rid myself of this idea."

Constanze had the idea of trying to cheer her husband by persuading him to give up work on the Requiem for a while, and she got him instead to complete the Little Masonic Cantata, K. 623, composed to celebrate the opening of a new Masonic temple for Mozart's own lodge. [Solomon 1995, 490] This strategy actually worked for a time: the cantata was completed and premiered 18 November [Deutsch, 413] with great success, and Mozart came home feeling "elated" (Solomon). He told Constanze, [The words are as related by Constanze decades later to the visiting English diarist Mary Novello; quoted from Solomon 1995, 490.] "Yes I see I was ill to have had such an absurd idea of having taken poison, give me back the Requiem and I will go on with it."

However, Mozart's worst symptoms soon returned, together with the strong feeling that he was being poisoned. He became bedridden on November 20, suffering from swelling, pain and vomiting.

Death

The symptoms of the dying Mozart were described by his early biographer Nissen (Constanze's second husband), who wrote, " [the illness] began with swelling in the hands and feet, which were almost completely immobilized, followed later by sudden vomiting. ... Until two hours before his passing he remained completely conscious." [Quoted in Solomon 1995, 491] His body swelled up so much he could no longer sit up in bed, or even move on his own.cite news |first=Franklin |last=Crawford |title=Experts rule out foul play in the death of Mozart |url=http://www.news.cornell.edu/chronicle/00/2.17.00/Mozart_death.html |publisher=Cornell Chronicle |date=17 February 2000 |accessdate=2007-09-10 ]

Mozart was comforted by members of his wife's family, with whom he was close. His mother-in-law Cäcilia Weber and his sister-in-law Sophie Weber made him a night jacket "which he could put on frontways, since on account of his swollen condition he was unable to turn in bed." [Letter of Sophie to Nissen, 1825; quoted in Solomon 1995, 492]

Mozart died at 1 in the morning on 5 December. His wife, family, and friends were distraught; Sophie remembered:

:"I cannot possibly describe the boundless misery of his faithful wife as she threw herself on her knees and implored succour from the Almighty for His aid. She could not tear herself away from him, beg her as I did." [Quotation from an 1825 letter to Nissen; Deutsch 1965, 525-526.]

Funeral

The funeral arrangements were made by Mozart's friend and patron Baron Gottfried van Swieten. The Grove Dictionary describes his funeral thus: "Mozart was buried in a common grave, in accordance with contemporary Viennese custom, at the St Marx cemetery outside the city on 7 December. If, as later reports say, no mourners attended, that too is consistent with Viennese burial customs at the time; later Jahn (1856) [This refers to "Biographie Mozarts", the extensive biography of Mozart by Otto Jahn.] wrote that Salieri, Süssmayr, van Swieten and two other musicians were present. The tale of a storm and snow is false; the day was calm and mild." [New Grove, "Mozart", section 6]

Aftermath

Constanze soon recovered from her despair and energetically addressed the task of providing financial security for her family (the Mozarts had two young children, and Mozart had died with debts outstanding). She successfully appealed to the Emperor (11 December, 1791) for a widow's pension (Mozart had served the Emperor in a part-time position as chamber composer), and she organized a series of concerts of Mozart's music, along with the publication of many of her husband's works. These efforts were successful, and in time Constanze became secure, even well off. [Solomon 1995, 499]

The tradition of Mozart biography began soon after the composer's death. Friedrich Schlichtegroll wrote an early account (based on information from Mozart's sister Nannerl), as did Franz Niemetschek (who worked with Constanze). Much later, Constanze assisted her second husband Georg Nikolaus von Nissen in a more detailed biography (1826).

Mozart's musical reputation rose quickly following his death; Solomon describes an "unprecedented wave of enthusiasm" [Solomon 1995, 499] for his work, and multiple publishers issued editions of his compositions.

What people remembered

Individuals who were present at the time of Mozart's death eventually committed their memories to writing, either on their own or through interviews by others. The stories they told are not entirely mutually compatible, which may be due in part to some of them dating to the 1820s, when the witnesses' memories might have faded.

Benedikt Schack, Mozart's close friend for whom he wrote the role of Tamino in The Magic Flute, told an interviewer that on the last day of Mozart's life, he participated in a rehearsal of the Requiem in progress: [Deutsch (1965, 536-7). The tale appeared in an obituary for Schack, published in the "Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung", issue of July 25, 1827 ( [http://mountdesertsummerchorale.org/2006_still_no_rest.html] ).]

:"On the very eve of his death, [Mozart] had the score of the Requiem brought to his bed, and himself (it was two o'clock in the afternoon) sang the alto part; Schack, the family friend, sang the soprano line, as he had always previously done, Hofer, Mozart's brother-in-law, took the tenor, Gerl, later a bass singer at the Mannheim Theater, the bass. They were at the first bars of the Lacrimosa when Mozart began to weep bitterly, laid the score on one side, and eleven hours later, at one o'clock in the morning (of 5 December 1791, as is well known), departed this life."

The tale seems difficult to reconcile with the description of Mozart's physical condition given in other sources; perhaps Schack misremembered the day. Biographer Niemetschek gives a vaguely similar tale, not mentioning a rehearsal:

:"On the day of his death he asked for the score to be brought to his bedside. 'Did I not say before, that I was writing this Requiem for myself?' After saying this, he looked yet again with tears in his eyes through the whole work." [Niemetschek biography, quoted in Solomon 1995, 493]

The widely repeated claim that Mozart on his deathbed dictated passages of the Requiem to his pupil Süssmayr (an incident providing a model for later fictional accounts) is strongly discounted by Solomon, who notes that the earliest reference for this claim dates to 1856. However, Sophie Weber did claim to recall the composer giving instructions to Süssmayr. [Solomon, 1995, 493]

An 1840 letter from the composer Ignaz von Seyfried says that on his last night Mozart was also mentally occupied with his opera The Magic Flute, which was continuing a very successful run following its premiere on September 30. Mozart is said to have whispered the following to Konstanze, mentioning Konstanze's sister Josepha Hofer, the coloratura soprano who premiered the role of the Queen of the Night:

:"Quiet, quiet! Hofer is just taking her top F;--now my sister-in-law is singing her second aria, 'Der Hölle Rache'; how strongly she strikes and holds the B-flat: 'Hört! hört! hört! der Mutter Schwur"' [English "Hear! hear! hear! a mother's oath". Mozart or Konstanze misremembered exactly what the Queen of the Night sings, which is 'Hört, hört, hört, Rachegötter! Hört der Mutter Schwur!' ("Hear, ye gods of revenge!")]

Mozart had heard the opera several times, as he enjoyed taking friends and relatives [Solomon 1995, 487-488] and would have known in rough terms the times his sister-in-law was singing.

The memories quoted above, which may be romanticized, are commonly repeated in discussion of Mozart's last days. Solomon notes that biographers have often left out the crueler memories. [Solomon 1995 493] For instance, he reports another memory of Constanze thus:

:"Constanze Mozart told Nissen that just before the end Mozart asked her what [his physician] Dr. Closset had said. When she answered with a soothing lie, he said, 'It isn't true,' and he was very distressed: 'I shall die, now when I am able to take care of you and the children. [Mozart's financial condition had improved considerably during the year 1791; see Solomon 1995, ch. 30] Ah, now I will leave you unprovided for.'" And as he spoke these words, "Suddenly he vomited--it gushed out of him in an arc--it was brown, and he was dead." [Passage from Solomon 1995, 493]

Mozart's older son Karl, aged seven, was present, and later wrote:

:"Particularly remarkable is in my opinion that fact that a few days before he died, his whole body became so swollen that the patient was unable to make the smallest movement, moreover, there was stench, which reflected an internal disintegration which, after death, increased to the extent that an autopsy was impossible."." [Solomon 1995, 493]

Posthumous diagnoses

Medicine was in a primitive state in Mozart's day, and it was impossible at the time to determine what had caused the composer's death. The entry for Mozart in the parish register says he died of "severe miliary fever", [Quoted in Solomon 1995, 494] which only describes his symptoms ("miliary" means "having millet-sized bumps on the skin"), not the actual disease. Any later efforts to determine what killed Mozart can only rely on reinterpretation of the written record.

The most sensational hypothesis for what killed Mozart, which spread as a rumor after his death, was that he was poisoned by his composer colleague Antonio Salieri. However, these rumours were likely false; the symptoms that Mozart showed were unlikely indications of poisoning. [For discussion, with references, of the poisoning rumor see Solomon 1995, 587. The "Norton/Grove Concise Encyclopedia of Music" (ed. Stanley Sadie, 1988) states flatly, "He was not poisoned."] Despite denying the allegations, Salieri was greatly affected by the accusation, contributing to nervous breakdowns in later life. [Deutsch 1965, 522, 524]

Some ascribe Mozart's death to malpractice on the part of his physician, Dr. Closset. He is also said to have administered ice to Mozart's forehead to ameliorate his fever. [cite news |title=Five versions of Mozart’s death |url=http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/11-02-2006/75814-Mozart-0 |work= |publisher=Pravda |date=11 February 2006 |accessdate=2007-09-11 ] The source of this story is, however, unreliable. A recent suggestion is that Mozart died as a result of his hypochondria and his predilection to taking patent medicines containing antimony. In his final days this was compounded by further prescriptions of antimony to relieve the fever he was clearly suffering from. If this suggestion is correct, he thus accidentally poisoned himself with antimony. [cite book | last = Emsley | first = John | authorlink = John Emsley | title = The Elements of Murder: A History of Poison | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2005 | month = May | location = New York | pages = 220–221 | id = ISBN 0–19–280599–1]

Recent studies by a panel of experts have concluded that Mozart died of natural causes. Physicians at the University of Maryland, Baltimore concluded that Mozart died from rheumatic fever. Among the physicians was a Mozart scholar, who said that although rheumatic fever was the most likely diagnosis, it will probably never be possible to confirm it as the indisputable cause of death, though it is highly unlikely that Mozart died of unnatural causes.

Notes

References

*Davies, Peter J. (1984) Mozart's Illnesses and Death - 1. The Illnesses, 1756 - 90. "The Musical Times" Vol. 125, No. 1698 (August), pp. 437-442. Available on JSTOR.
*Deutsch, Otto Erich (1965) "Mozart: A Documentary Biography". Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
*Solomon, Maynard (1995) "Mozart: A Life". Harper Collins.