- Mozart and Freemasonry
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For the last seven years of his life Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a Mason. The Masonic order played an important role in his life and work.
Contents
Mozart's lodges
Mozart was admitted as an apprentice to the Viennese Masonic lodge called "Zur Wohltätigkeit" ("Beneficence") on 14 December 1784.[1] He was promoted to journeyman Mason on 7 January 1785, and became a master Mason "shortly thereafter".[1] Mozart also attended the meetings of another lodge, called "Zur wahren Eintracht" ("True Concord"). According to Otto Erich Deutsch, this lodge was "the largest and most aristocratic in Vienna. ... Mozart, as the best of the musical 'Brothers,' was welcome in all the lodges." It was headed by the naturalist Ignaz von Born.[2]
Mozart's own lodge "Zur Wohltätigkeit" was consolidated with two others in December of 1785, under the Imperial reform of Masonry (the Freimaurerpatent, "Masonic Decree") of 11 December 1785, and thus Mozart came to belong to the lodge called "Zur Neugekrönten Hoffnung" (New Crowned Hope).[3]
At least as far as surviving Masonic documents can tell us, Mozart was well regarded by his fellow Masons. Many of his friends were Masons.
During his visit to Vienna in 1785, Mozart's father Leopold also became a Mason.[4]
Masonic ideology and Masonic music
Stage design for Mozart's opera The Magic Flute by German architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel, c. 1815, with Masonic symbols.Mozart's position within the Masonic movement, according to Maynard Solomon, lay with the rationalist, Enlightenment-inspired membership, as opposed to those members oriented toward mysticism and the occult.[5] This rationalist faction is identified by Katherine Thomson as the Illuminati, a masonically inspired group which was founded by Bavarian professor of canon law Adam Weishaupt, who was also a friend of Mozart.[6] The Illuminati espoused the Enlightenment-inspired, humanist views proposed by the French philosophers Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Denis Diderot. For example, the Illuminati contended that social rank was not coincident with nobility of the spirit, but that people of lowly class could be noble in spirit just as nobly born could be mean-spirited. This view appears in Mozart's operas; for example, in The Marriage of Figaro, an opera based on a play by Pierre Beaumarchais (another Freemason), the lowly-born Figaro is the hero and the Count Almaviva is the boor.[7] However, Masonic scholars themselves, and non-Masonic scholars who have studied the matter more closely strongly dispute both the conflation of Freemasonry with Illuminati elements per se, and especially Mozart as Mason in relation to these elements.[8]
The Freemasons used music in their ceremonies, and adopted Rousseau's humanist views on the meaning of music. "The purpose of music in the {Masonic} ceremonies is to spread good thoughts and unity among the members" so that they may be "united in the idea of innocence and joy," wrote L.F. Lenz in a contemporary edition of Masonic songs. Music should "inculcate feelings of humanity, wisdom and patience, virtue and honesty, loyalty to friends, and finally an understanding of freedom."[9]
These views suggest a musical style quite unlike the style of the Galant, which was dominant at the time. Galant style music was typically melodic with harmonic accompaniment, rather than polyphonic; and the melodic line was often richly ornamented with trills, runs and other virtuosic effects. The style promoted by the Masonic view was much less virtuosic and unornamented. Mozart's style of composition is often referred to as "humanist" and is in accord with this Masonic view of music.[10]
The music of the Freemasons contained musical phrases and forms that held specific semiotic meanings. For example, the Masonic initiation ceremony began with the candidate knocking three times at the door to ask admittance. This is expressed musically as a dotted figure:
This figure appears in Mozart's opera The Magic Flute in the overture, suggesting the opening of the Masonic initiation.[11] According to Katherine Thomson,[12] there are many other examples of specific musical symbols taken from the Masonic rites that appear throughout Mozart's compositions. These include the use of suspensions to indicate friendship and brotherhood; the use of three-part harmony to emphasize the special significance of the number three in Freemasonry; and special rhythms and harmonies to signify fortitude and other attributes.
List of Mozart's Masonic compositions
The following is a list of surviving works that Mozart composed for performance at gatherings of Masons.
- Lied (song) "Gesellenreise," K. 468, "for use at installation of new journeymen", March 1785
- Cantata for tenor and male chorus Die Maurerfreude ("The Mason's Joy"), K. 471, premiered 24 April 1785
- The Masonic Funeral Music (Maurerische Trauermusik), K. 477/479a, no later than November 1785.
- Two songs, K. 483 and K. 484, to celebrate the opening of "Zur Neugekrönten Hoffnung"; 14 January 1786.
- Cantata for tenor and piano, Die ihr die unermesslichen Weltalls Schöpfer ehrt, K. 619 (1791)
- The Little Masonic Cantata (Kleine Freimaurer-Kantate) entitled Laut verkünde unsre Freude, for soloists, male chorus, and orchestra, K. 623, premiered under the composer's direction 18 November 1791.
The story and music of his opera The Magic Flute is also considered to have strong Masonic influences.
List of fellow Masons
The following is a partial list of family members, patrons, and colleagues who like Mozart were Masons.
- Joseph Haydn - friend and colleague (attended only one meeting)[13]
- Joseph Lange - brother-in-law
- Prince Lichnowsky - friend and patron
- Leopold Mozart - father
- Michael Puchberg - friend and lender of money
- Gottfried van Swieten - patron[14]
- Angelo Soliman - friend
- Anton Stadler - friend and colleague (clarinetist)
Mozart's grandfather Johann Georg, a bookbinder, was raised among the extended Mozart family in Augsburg, in the house of Johann's own grandfather David Mozart. David and his children were distinguished architects and master operative (craft) masons of the Augsburg guild (as contrasted to speculative freemasons).[15] But close affinities among operative and speculative existed in this period.
Notes
- ^ a b Solomon 1995, 321
- ^ Deutsch 1965, 231. Deutsch's book records Mozart's visits to "Zur wahren Eintracht", preserved in the lodge attendance records.
- ^ Solomon 322
- ^ Deutsch 1965
- ^ Solomon 1995, 327
- ^ Thomson (1977) p. 14.
- ^ Thomson (1977) p. 107.
- ^ Peter Paul Fuchs. "A Resolution of Mozart and Freemasonry: Enlightenment and the Persistence of Counter-Reformation." (masonmusic.org).
- ^ quoted in Thomson (1977) p. 41.
- ^ Thomson (1977) p. 60.
- ^ Thomson (1977) p. 42
- ^ Thomson (1977) p. 42
- ^ Deutsch (1965, 236): "On [11 February 1785] Haydn was admitted to the 'Concord' lodge; but as he never again appeared there, he never passed the apprentice stage."
- ^ Braunbehrens 1990, 318
- ^ ""Die Kunstlerfamilie Mozart"". http://www.leopold-mozart-competition.de/en/Mozart.aspx?RID=3&ID=292. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
References
- Braunbehrens, Volkmar (1990) Mozart in Vienna. New York: Grove and Weidenfeld.
- Deutsch, Otto Erich (1965) Mozart: A Documentary Biography. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Solomon, Maynard (1995) Mozart: A Life. Harper Collins.
- Thomson, Katherine (1977) The Masonic Thread in Mozart. London: Lawrence and Wishart. ISBN 853153817
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