Treaty of Portsmouth (1713)

The Treaty of Portsmouth, signed on July 13, 1713, ended hostilities between Eastern Abenakis with the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The agreement renewed a treaty of 1693 the Indians had made with Governor William Phipps, two in a series of attempts to establish peace between Indians and colonists during the French and Indian Wars.

Queen Anne's War

During the War of Spanish Succession, France began a conflict with England which would extend to their colonies. Called Queen Anne's War in the New World, New France openly fought New England for domination of the region between them, with the French enlisting the Abenaki tribes inhabiting it as allies. Occasionally under French command, Indians attacked numerous English settlements along the Maine coast, including Casco (now Portland), Scarborough, Saco, Wells, York and Berwick, in New Hampshire at Hampton, Dover, Oyster River Plantation (now Durham) and Exeter, and down into Massachusetts at Haverhill, Groton and Deerfield, site of the Deerfield Massacre. Houses were burned, and the inhabitants either killed or abducted to Canada. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, however, restored peace between France and England. As part of the agreement, Acadia fell under English sovereignty. When the Indians realized that they could no longer depend on the French for protection, the sachems sought a truce, and proposed a peace conference to be held at Casco. Governor Joseph Dudley agreed to a conference, but chose instead to host it at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, which was protected by the guns of Fort William and Mary.

Articles of agreement

On July 11, 1713, Governor Dudley and various dignitaries from New Hampshire and Massachusetts Bay (which then extended into Maine) met with delegates from Abenaki tribes, including the Amasacontee, Maliseet, Norridgewock, Pennacook, Penobscot and Sokoki. The agreement was read aloud by sworn interpreters to the sachems, eight of whom on July 13 signed with totemic pictographs. Others would do so the following year after similar interpretation at another convention. "Being sensible of our great offense and folly," the Indians agreed to:

* acknowledge themselves submissive, obedient subjects of Queen Anne
* cease all acts of hostility towards subjects of Great Britain and their estates
* allow English settlers to return to their former settlements without molestation or claims by the Indians
* trade only at English trading posts established, managed and regulated with governmental approval
* not come near English plantations or settlements below the Saco River, "to prevent mischiefs and inconveniences"
* address all grievances in an English court, rather than in "private revenge"
* confess that they had broken peace agreements made in 1693, 1699, 1702 and 1703, and now ask for forgiveness and mercy
* not make any "perfidious treaty or correspondence" [with the French] against the English; should any exist, to reveal it "seasonally"
* cast themselves upon Her Majesty for mercy and pardon for past rebellions, hostilities and violations of their promises

Aftermath

Despite their promise, the English failed to establish official trading posts selling cheap goods at honest prices to the Indians. Tribes were forced to continue exchanging their furs with private traders, who were notorious for cheating them. In addition, Indians regarded as threats the British blockhouses being built on their lands. Their discontent was instigated by Sebastien Rale and other French Jesuit priests embedded with the tribes and promoting New France interests. In defiance of the Treaty of Portsmouth, the Abenakis resumed raids on the encroaching English settlements. Consequently, on July 25, 1722, Governor Samuel Shute declared war against the Eastern Indians in what would be called Dummer's War. Boundary struggles between New France and New England would continue until the Treaty of Paris in 1763.

ee also

*List of treaties

References

* Francis Parkman, "A Half-Century of Conflict", 1907; Brown, Little & Company, Boston, Massachusetts.
* Herbert Milton Sylvester, "Indian Wars of New England", Volume III, 1910; Arthur H. Clark Company, Cleveland, Ohio.