- Charles William Barkley
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For other people named Charles Barkley, see Charles Barkley (disambiguation).
Charles William Barkley (1759 – 16 May 1832) was a ship captain and maritime fur trader. He was born in Hertford, England, son of Charles Barkley.[1]
His name is sometimes erroneously spelled Barclay due to the misspelling "Barclay Sound" (in what is now British Columbia) on early Admiralty charts, which arose from a mistake from Land District records. The misspelling originated in 1859 with the government agent William Eddy Banfield who issued certificates identifying the "Barclay Land District." The name was corrected to Barkley Sound in 1904.[2]
Contents
Biography
Early life
At the age of 11 Charles Barkley went to sea with his father, who was the commander of the East India Company ship Pacific. His father drowned in the Hooghly river, Calcutta, India while Charles was still a boy. Charles went on to sail to the West Indies in the merchantman Bestsy. He made seven voyages to the Far East for the East India Company and rose rapidly in the company's service.[1]
He was married in 1786, he soon after left the East India Company, taking what was apparently his first command, the 400-ton ship Loundon, ready for a trading voyage to the Pacific Northwest coast of North America. The ship, which was renamed Imperial Eagle and falsely registered as an Austrian in an attempt to avoid the cost of acquiring a trading license from the East India Company, was owned by various supercargoes, including several East India Company directions in England, who together called themselves the Austrian East India Company. Barkley was among the backers, subscribing £3,000 to the venture.[1] John Meares, who was also attempting to avoid license fees by falsely sailing under the Portuguese flag, was also one of the backers.[3]
Merchant career
Barkley and his wife, Frances Barkley, left for the Pacific via Cape Horn on November 24, 1786. They stopped in the Hawaiian Islands where a maidservant named Winée was taken aboard. Winée became the first Native Hawaiian, or "Kanaka", to reach British Columbia.[3] From Hawaii Barkley sailed the Imperial Eagle to Nootka Sound, on the west coast of Vancouver Island, arriving on in June 1787. At 400 tons, the Imperial Eagle was the largest ship to ever enter the main harbor of Friendly Cove in Nootka Sound.[3] Barkley stayed at Nootka Sound for about a month, acquired 700 prime skins, and many more of inferior quality. From Nootka he sailed south, trading, exploring, and naming various parts of the coast between Nootka Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca, including Barkley Sound, Loudoun Channel, Cape Beale,[4] and Imperial Eagle Channel. In honour of the indigenous chief Wickaninnish Barkley gave the name Wickinninish Sound to what is now called Clayoquot Sound. He rediscovered the strait allegedly described by Juan de Fuca and named the strait as such on his chart. Barkley's Imperial Eagle was the first non-indigenous vessel to enter Neah Bay, in July 1787. John Meares, in the Feliz Aventureira, stopped at Neah Bay in June 1788, and Charles Duncan in the Princess Royal did so in August 1788. Robert Gray, in the Lady Washington, entered Neah Bay in April 1789, and in July 1789 José María Narváez did so in the Santa Gertrudis la Magna. Within the next few years a number of others visited Neah Bay and it became an important fur trading stop during the maritime fur trading era.[5]
After six members of his crew were killed by indigenous people, on 24 July 1787, near the mouth of the Hoh River,[6] Barkley decided to set sail for Guangzhou (Canton), China, to sell his sea otter pelts. He arrived in Macau in December 1787. His trading venture resulted in a profit of £10,000.[3] Barkley gave the name Destruction River to what is now called the Hoh River, after his crew members were killed by the indigenous people. The name has since been transferred to nearby Destruction Island.
He then left China and sailed with a cargo to Mauritius. While in Mauritius Barkley learned that the East India Company was taking legal action against the owners of the Imperial Eagle for trading without a license. The owners, including John Meares, decided to avoid the legal problems by selling the Imperial Eagle and breaking their contract with Barkley.[3] Charles and Frances Barkley stayed in Mauritius for over a year, where they had their first child. They then sailed to Kolkata (Calcutta), India, where the Imperial Eagle was confiscated. Barkley sued for damages and received £5,000 for the loss of his ten-year contract.[1] At the same time John Meares gained possession of Barkley's nautical gear and his journal. Frances Barkley later wrote that Meares, "with the greatest effrontery, published and claimed the merit of my husband's discoveries therein contained, besides inventing lies of the most revolting nature tending to vilify the person he thus pilfered."[3]
Later years
After this series of events Charles and Frances Barkley found themselves stranded in Mauritius, without a ship and burdened with a newborn. Over the course of two years they managed to make their way to the Netherlands, then England.[3]
Barkley continued his merchant captain career. He commanded the Princess Frederica, sailing in the Indian Ocean into 1791. Then he returned to the Pacific Northwest coast, in command of the 80-ton brig Halcyon. He traded for sea otter pelts in Sitka Sound, then sailed to the Hawaiian Islands, China, and Mauritius.[1]
Little is known of his latter years. They were probably not prosperous. Upon his death at the age of 73 he left two sons and two daughters, and was survived by his wife Frances.[1]
Legacy
- Barkley Sound between Ucluelet and Bamfield on the west coast of Vancouver Island is named for him.
References
- ^ a b c d e f Barkley, Charles William, Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
- ^ "Barkley Sound". BC Geographical Names. http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/11126.html.
- ^ a b c d e f g BARKLEY, Frances, ABCBookWorld
- ^ "Beale, Cape". BC Geographical Names. http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/12543.html.
- ^ Tovell, Freeman M. (2008). At the Far Reaches of Empire: The Life of Juan Francisco De La Bodega Y Quadra. University of British Columbia Press. p. 212. ISBN 9780774813679. http://books.google.com/books?id=E8_LXicsIlEC.
- ^ At the Far Reaches of Empire, p. 412n20
External links
- "Trevor Channel". BC Geographical Names. http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/22920.html.
Categories:- Circumnavigators of the globe
- English explorers
- English sailors
- Explorers of British Columbia
- Explorers of North America
- Explorers of the Pacific
- Fur traders
- History of Vancouver Island
- Nautical captains
- 18th-century explorers
- 1759 births
- 1832 deaths
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