History of Arkansas

Arkansas was the 25th state admitted to the United States.

Exploration and early inhabitation

Indigenous peoples inhabited the area now known as Arkansas for thousands of years before the first European explorers.

The first European to reach Arkansas was the Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto in the middle of the 16th century. Arkansas is one of several U.S. states formed from the territory purchased from Napoleon Bonaparte in the Louisiana Purchase. The early Spanish or French explorers of the state gave it its name, probably a phonetic spelling of the Illinois word for the Quapaw people, who lived downriver from them. [ [http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0302b&L=ads-l&P=7800 LISTSERV 14.4 ] ] .

Other Native American nations that lived in Arkansas prior to the westward movement of peoples from the East were the Quapaw, Caddo, and Osage nations. While moving westward, the Five Civilized Tribes inhabited Arkansas during its territorial period.

Early 19th century territory and statehood

The region was organized as the Territory of Arkansas on July 4, 1819, but the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Arkansas on June 15, 1836, as the 25th state and the 13th slave state.

Arkansas played a key role in aiding Texas in its war for independence with Mexico, sending troops and materials to Texas to help fight the war. The proximity of the city of Washington to the Texas border involved the town in the Texas Revolution of 1835-36. Some evidence suggests Sam Houston and his compatriots planned the revolt in a tavern at Washington in 1834. [cite web|url=http://www.arkansasmediaroom.com/news-releases/listings/display.asp?id=165|title=Old Washington State Park Conserves Town's Heyday|first=Jim|last=Taylor] When the fighting began a stream of volunteers from Arkansas and the eastern states flowed through the town toward the Texas battle fields. When the Mexican-American War began in 1846, Washington became a rendezvous for volunteer troops. Governor Thomas S. Drew issued a proclamation calling on the state to furnish one regiment of cavalry and one battalion of infantry to join the United States Army. Ten companies of men assembled here where they were formed into the first Regiment of Arkansas Cavalry.

Civil War

:"See Arkansas in the American Civil War"

Arkansas refused to join the Confederate States of America until after United States President Abraham Lincoln called for troops to respond to the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, South Carolina. The state was unwilling to fight against its neighbors and seceded from the Union on May 6, 1861. While the state was not a chief battleground, it was the site of numerous small-scale battles during the American Civil War. When Union forces captured Little Rock in 1863, the government relocated to the town of Washington in the southwest part of the state.

Natives of during the Civil War included Confederate Major General Patrick Cleburne. Considered by many to be one of the most brilliant Confederate division commanders of the war, Cleburne was often referred to as "The Stonewall of the West." Also of note was Major General Thomas C. Hindman. A former United States Representative, Hindman commanded Confederate forces at the battles of Cane Hill and Prairie Grove.

Late 19th century and disfranchisement

Under the Military Reconstruction Act, Congress readmitted Arkansas in June 1868. With the right to suffrage, freedmen began to participate vigorously in the political life of the state. From 1869 to 1893, more than 45 African American men were elected to seats in the state legislature. As in other states, they were already leaders in their communities: often ministers or teachers, or literate men who had returned from the North. Some had both white and African-American ancestors.

In 1874, the Brooks-Baxter War shook Little Rock. The dispute about the legal governor of the state was settled when President Ulysses S. Grant ordered that Joseph Brooks to disperse his militant supporters.

In 1881, the Arkansas state legislature enacted a bill that adopted an official pronunciation for the state, to combat a controversy then raging.

During the late 1880s and 1890s, the Democrats worked to consolidate their power and prevent alliances among African Americans and poor whites in the years of agricultural depression. They were facing competition from the Populist and other third parties. In 1891, state legislators passed a statute requiring a literacy test for voter registration, when more than 25% of the population could not read or write. In 1892 the state passed a constitutional amendment that imposed a poll tax and associated residency requirements for voting, which combined barriers sharply reduced the numbers of blacks and poor whites on the voter rolls, and voter participation dropped sharply. [ [http://www.oldstatehouse.com/educational_programs/classroom/arkansas_news "White Primary" System Bars Blacks from Politics - 1900, "The Arkansas News"] , Spring 1987, p.3, Old Statehouse, accessed 22 Mar 2008]

Having consolidated power among its supporters, by 1900 the state Democratic Party began relying on all-white primaries at the county and state level. This was one more door closed against blacks, as the primaries had become the only competitive political contests; the Democratic Party primary winner was always elected. [ [http://www.oldstatehouse.com/educational_programs/classroom/arkansas_news "White Primary" System Bars Blacks from Politics - 1900, "The Arkansas News"] , Spring 1987, p.3, Old Statehouse, accessed 22 Mar 2008] In 1900 African Americans numbered 366,984 in the state and made up 28% of the population - together with poor whites, more than one-third of the citizens were disfranchised. [ [http://isher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/php/state.php Historical Census Browser, 1900 US Census, University of Virginia] , accessed 15 Mar 2008] Since they could not vote, they could not serve on juries, which were limited to voters. They were shut out of the political process.

20th century: the Great Migration and the Civil Rights Movement

The growth in industrial jobs in the North and Midwest attracted many blacks from the South in the first half of the 20th century. Their migration out of the South was a reach toward a better quality of life where they could vote and live more fully as citizens. Agricultural changes also meant that farm workers were not needed in as great number. Thousands left Arkansas. During the years of World War II, blacks also migrated to California, where good jobs were expanding in defense industries.

In one of the first major cases of the Civil Rights era, in 1954 the Supreme Court ruled in "Brown v. Topeka Board of Education" that segregated schools were unconstitutional. Governments across the South initially resisted integration of public schools. The Little Rock Nine incident of 1957 brought Arkansas to national attention, when the Federal government was forced to intervene in the Arkansan capital to protect students.

Governor Orval Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to aid segregationists in preventing nine African-American students from enrolling at Little Rock's Central High School. In response President Dwight Eisenhower sent 1,000 paratroops to Little Rock to ensure the students were protected. Governor Faubus and the city responded by closing Little Rock schools for the remainder of the year.

By the fall of 1959, all the schools in Little Rock were integrated.

Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States, was born in Hope, Arkansas. Before his presidency, Clinton served nearly twelve years as the 40th and 42nd Governor of Arkansas.

Changing racial attitudes and growth in jobs have created a New Great Migration of African Americans back to metropolitan areas in the developing South, especially to such states as Georgia, North Carolina and Texas. These have developed many knowledge industry jobs.

Notes

External links

* [http://www.ark-ives.com/ Arkansas History Commission and State Archives]
* [http://www.arkansas.com/things-to-do/history-heritage/ Arkansas history and heritage]
* [http://www.arkansasheritage.com/ Arkansas Heritage]