Fox Point Hurricane Barrier

The Fox Point Hurricane Barrier is a convert|3000|ft|m|sing=on long tidal flood barrier spanning the Providence River in Providence, Rhode Island, located convert|750|ft|m|sing=off upstream from Fox Point. It was constructed between 1960 and 1966 to protect the low-lying downtown area of the city from from damaging storm surge and floods associated with hurricanes and other major storm events.

The Fox Point Hurricane Barrier consists of five main parts: river gates, rock and earthen dikes along each shore, vehicular gates along each shore where roads pass through the dikes, canal gates at the west end of the barrier associated with the nearby electric power station, and a pumping station to control the flow of water. [ [http://www.providenceri.com/publicworks/hurricane/description1.html Fox Point Hurricane Barrier] ]

Historical background

Since colonial times, the port of Providence, located at the head of Narragansett Bay has been a vital part of the city's economy. Ocean-going ships regularly dock along the city's waterfront just south of downtown. During the 19th century, the city became a national leader in industrial output and trade. The downtown area is located in a shallow natural basin with an elevation of only convert|8|-|12|ft|m above mean sea level.

In September of 1938, the Great New England Hurricane slammed the coast of Southern New England, killing 250 people in the region and causing millions of dollars in damage. Downtown Providence, a bustling center of commerce was entirely submerged under water, causing about $120 million in damage in the city alone.

Again in 1954, the area was hit by Hurricane Carol, causing a storm surge as high as convert|8|ft|m in some areas, and resulting in over $41 million in damage. [ [http://www.providenceri.com/publicworks/hurricane/significance1.html Significance of the Fox Point Hurricane Barrier] ]

Local, state and federal officials decided to take action to prevent future devastation. Construction of the barrier was authorized in 1958 under the Flood Control Act. [ [http://docs.rwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=cmpd_working_papers Josh Chalchinsky, 2006] ]

The $16 million dollar wall has never seen a Category 5 hurricane, but has successfully protected the city in every instance since its construction. [Cite web | title = Providence Hurricane Barriers Eyed - Boston News Story - WCVB Boston | accessdate = 2008-09-12 | url = http://www.thebostonchannel.com/news/4945961/detail.html ]

Features

Constructed between 1960 and 1966 at a cost of $14 million, the barrier was the first of its type to be approved for construction in the United States. [ [http://providenceri.com/publicworks/fox_point.html Providence DPW website] ]

River gates

The main feature of the hurricane barrier is a group of three large movable gates which span the river, allowing boats to pass through during normal periods. Each of the three tainter gates is convert|40|ft|m wide and weighs 53 tons with a curved outer portion facing the tide. It takes about 30 minutes to lower each gate. [ [http://www.providenceri.com/publicworks/hurricane/description2.html Description of River Gates] ] The relatively narrow gates prohibit large ships from passing into the inner downtown harbor as they did in the 19th century. However, modern ocean-going vessels now dock at the Port of Providence, located south of the barrier. The inner harbor is now generally occupied by only small pleasure craft during the summer months.

Dikes

The majority of the hurricane barrier's length consists of a convert|25|ft|m|sing=on high rock and earthen dike along the low-lying areas of the waterfront within the Fox Point and Jewelry District neighborhoods of Providence. The original dike located along the eastern shore has been removed and replaced with vertical concrete walls as part of the construction of the new embankment for the Interstate 195 relocation.

Vehicular gates

Three sets of huge steel vehicular gates are located under the newly constructed portion of Interstate 195, east of the Providence River Bridge, at South Water, South Main and at Benefit Street. On the west shore, vehicular gates are located at Allens Avenue as well as on the property of the Manchester Street Power Plant. The gates are normally in the "open" position to allow traffic to pass through, but are closed to provide a continuous barrier during emergency events.

Canal gates

On the west side of the river, there are also two large canal gates, which control water used to cool the nearby Manchester Street Power Station, which is operated by Dominion Resources. [ [http://www.projo.com/news/content/projo_20060716_barrier.16a04bc.html Providence Journal article, July 16, 2006] ]

Pumping station

The barrier also includes a pumping station, housed within a concrete and brick structure located near the western shore of the river. The pumping station contains five 4500 H.P. pumps with instantaneous starting power, and are designed to convey water from the Providence River over the barrier when the gates are closed. (Otherwise, the continuously flowing river water would have no place to go).

Each pump is about convert|54.7|ft|m|sing=on high and convert|20|ft|m|sing=on in diameter, and can pump 3.1 million gallons per minute. [ [http://providenceri.com/publicworks/fox_point.html Providence DPW website] ]

Gauges inside the pumping station measure the water level inside and outside the barrier, and control the pumps, in order to maintain the water levels one either side as closely as possible.

Recent history

In 1985, the Fox Point Hurricane Barrier was utilized, sparing downtown Providence from being inundated in two feet of water from storm surge brought by Hurricane Gloria, keeping the city dry. In 1991, the Barrier spared the city from Hurricane Bob, which would have covered downtown in four feet of water. The savings has been estimated to at several hundred million dollars and the project operates as a cost-benefit ratio of 2.21 to 1. [Cite web | title = Fox Point Hurricane Barrier: Significance Page Six | accessdate = 2008-09-12 | url = http://www.providenceri.com/publicworks/hurricane/significance6.html ] [Cite web | title = THE EAST COAST STORM; Hurricane Sideswipes East Coast, Leaving Damage and Two Deaths - New York Times | accessdate = 2008-09-12 | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE7DD1F3FF933A1575BC0A967958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all ]

The barrier is also used to keep the river level higher during low tides, for the benefit of WaterFire events.

A $3 million overhaul of the barrier's five massive pumps was completed in 2006. [ [http://www.projo.com/news/content/projo_20060716_barrier.16a04bc.html Providence Journal article, July 16, 2006] ]

References

External Links

* [http://www.providenceri.com/publicworks/hurricane/description1.html Fox Point Hurricane Barrier on providenceri.com]