Iosepa, Utah

Iosepa (pronEng|joʊˈsɛpə or IPA|/joʊˈsiːpə/, with the "I" like an English "Y") is a ghost town in Utah's Skull Valley, located approximately convert|75|mi|-1 southwest of Salt Lake City in Tooele County. Once home to over 200 Polynesian members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (or "Mormons"), Iosepa was inhabited during the period 1889–1917. Today it is the site of an annual Memorial Day gathering that draws islanders and others from all over the Western United States.

History

Mormon missionaries were sent to Polynesia starting in the 1850s. Many of their converts wanted to emigrate or "gather" to Utah with the main body of the Church, but were restricted by law, particularly in Hawaii. In the 1870s the Hawaiian government began to allow emigration, and by 1889 some 75 Native Hawaiians had gathered in the North Salt Lake area.cite book | last = Blanthorn | first = Ouida | title = A History of Tooele County | series = Utah Centennial County History Series | year = 1998 | month = January
publisher = Utah State Historical Society | location = Salt Lake City, Utah
pages = pp.275–281 | isbn = 0-913738-44-1 ] Despite their common faith, the immigrants experienced significant culture shock, as well as mistreatment by the white majority.cite news | last = Foster | first = Shawn | title = Spirit of the Islands Lives on in Iosepa Colony Weekend | work = The Salt Lake Tribune | date = 1999-05-30 | page = C1] Church leaders began searching for a location to set aside as a Hawaiian enclave, but 40 years of settlement had occupied most of the desirable land in the Salt Lake area.

In 1889 a group of three Hawaiian converts and three returned missionaries cite web | title = A History of Iosepa, Utah | last = Poulsen | first = Richard | coauthors = Iosepa Historical Association | work = The Polynesian Gift to Utah | publisher = KUED
url = http://www.kued.org/productions/polynesian/history/ | accessdate = 2008-02-04 ] was assigned to choose a location. After considering possibilities in Cache, Weber, and Utah counties,cite news | last = Lloyd | first = Scott | title = Iosepa Memorial Honors Utah's Hawaiian Settlers | work = Deseret News | date = 1989-08-29 | page = B1 | url = ] they selected a convert|1920|acre|0|adj=on site in Skull Valley, known as the Quincy Ranch or the Rich Ranch, as a gathering place for the South Sea Islanders. The colony was organized as a joint stock company, the Iosepa Agriculture and Stock Company, owned by the LDS Church. The first 46 settlers arrived at the new townsite on August 28 1889 and drew lots for land. cite web | title = Iosepa | last = Schirer | first = David L. | year = 1994 | url = http://www.media.utah.edu/UHE/i/IOSEPA.html | work = Utah History Encyclopedia
publisher = University of Utah | accessdate = 2008-02-04 ] August 28 was later designated as Hawaiian Pioneer Day.

The name "Iosepa", a Hawaiian form of "Joseph", was chosen in honor of Joseph F. Smith (1838–1918), one of the first missionaries from the Church to serve the Hawaiian people, and also in honor of his uncle, Joseph Smith, Jr. (1805–1844), founder of the Church.

Iosepa was an inhospitable location for any group of people. Most of the colonists were from Hawaii, though others were from different parts of Polynesia, and Skull Valley is desert, quite unlike the islands they had left. The Iosepans worked hard to improve their new home and eke out a living. The company purchased a sawmill and built homes, a church, school, and store. They also developed an extensive irrigation system to bring water from the Stansbury Mountains, allowing fields, lawns, and flowerbeds to be watered in the middle of the desert. The people planted crops, raised pigs, and even constructed ponds for raising carp and trout. cite web | title = South Sea Islanders in Utah | last = Edison | first = Carol | year = 1994
url = http://www.media.utah.edu/UHE/s/SOUTHSEAILANDERS.html
work = Utah History Encyclopedia | publisher = University of Utah | accessdate = 2008-02-04 ] They did their best to adapt or replace traditional foodstuffs not native to Utah, substituting a mixture of flour and cornstarch for poi and experimenting with growing their own seaweed and other island products. They also built a small reservoir, called Kanaka Lake, where they could swim and have lakeside picnics.cite book | last = Carr | first = Stephen L. | title = The Historical Guide to Utah Ghost Towns | edition = 3rd edition | origyear = 1972 | origmonth = June | year = 1986 | publisher = Western Epics | location = Salt Lake City, Utah | pages = pp.35–36 | isbn = 0-914740-30-X ] In 1899, residents of other parts of the state converged on Iosepa for an Arbor Day celebration in which they planted 300 walnut trees, 300 fruit trees, and 100 ornamental trees. The town became known for its neat streets lined with yellow roses, and in 1911 even won the state prize for the "best kept and most progressive city in the state of Utah."

The Iosepans' main reason for coming to Utah was to be near the Salt Lake Temple. After it opened in 1893, they traveled there as frequently as possible to participate in religious ceremonies.cite web | last = Reeve | first = W. Paul | title = A Bit of Polynesia Remains in the Salt Desert | year = 1995 | month = May | work = Utah History to Go | publisher = State of Utah | url = http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/statehood_and_the_progressive_era/abitofpolynesiaremains.html | accessdate = 2008-02-08]

The settlement was well-planned, but is considered an unsuccessful attempt at colonization. Iosepa never managed to become self-sufficient; Latter-day Saint leaders had to allocate church funds to pay the town's expenses. The harsh environment was hard on Iosepans' health. Infectious disease took a heavy toll, including deaths from pneumonia, smallpox, and diphtheria. In 1896 there were even three cases of leprosy, and a pest house was built outside of town to isolate the lepers.cite book | last = Thompson | first = George A. | title = Some Dreams Die: Utah's Ghost Towns and Lost Treasures | year = 1982 | month = November | publisher = Dream Garden Press | location = Salt Lake City | isbn = 0-942688-01-5 | pages = p.22–23] Sensationalized newspaper reports of the outbreak alienated Iosepa even further from mainstream Utah society. Times became harder after several crop failures, and many of the men sought work as miners in the nearby gold and silver mines. Iosepa continued to grow despite all these challenges. The population increased from around 80 in 1901 to 228 at its peak in 1915. Most residents were Hawaiians, but there were also Samoans, Māori, Portuguese, Scots, and English.

In 1915, Joseph F. Smith, then President of the LDS Church, announced plans for the construction of a temple at Lā'ie, Hawai'i. The first such temple to be built outside of continental North America, the Laie Hawaii Temple brought Iosepa to an end. Although Mormon leaders did not advise the Iosepans to emigrate to Hawaii, the Church did offer to pay the passage of any who could not afford it. Most of Iosepa's residents chose to return to Hawaii. By January 1917 Iosepa was a ghost town, and the land was sold to the Deseret Livestock Company.

Legacy

In 1971, the site itself was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. For many years Iosepa has been known for the rows of evenly-spaced fire hydrants poking out through the sagebrush. As of 2004, all that remains are a few building foundations and the markers in the town's graveyard, which is surrounded by a chain-link fence. An historical marker gives a brief history of the settlement, which can easily be reached by automobile.

In 1980, a Memorial Day activity was organized at Iosepa, where a few Utah Polynesian families, some descended from Iosepans, repaired the fence and beautified the graveyard area. This marked the beginning of an annual tradition that continues to grow. In the mid-1980s, the Iosepa Historical Association was incorporated to foster appreciation of Utah's Polynesian heritage and history. The Association works to preserve the townsite and organize the festival. On August 28 1989, Iosepa's centennial, President Gordon B. Hinckley of the First Presidency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints dedicated a monument at the cemetery, featuring a bronze bust of a Polynesian warrior. That year the Memorial Day celebration was transformed from a one-day work activity to an elaborate three-day weekend luau. Every Memorial Day weekend hundreds of Polynesians and those interested in Polynesian history—about 1000 people in 2007 [cite news
last = Nijhuis | first = Michelle | title = Luau in the desert
work = The Christian Science Monitor | date = 2007-05-31 | pages =
url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0531/p20s01-lire.html
accessdate = 2008-02-04] —gather at the site for the celebration. Restrooms and a large cement pavilion were added for the 1999 festival, and the Association has plans for further improvements to welcome the growing crowds. Camping is encouraged, and visitors are always welcome.

References

External links

* [http://iosepa.com Iosepa Historical Association]