Abatte Barihun

Infobox Musical artist
Name = Abatte Barihun

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Img_capt = Abatte Barihun in a concert of Tezeta Ensemble
Img_size = 300
Background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
Born = 1967
Origin = Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Instrument = Tenor saxophone, Soprano saxophone, Alto saxophone, Trumpet
Genre = Jazz
Label = Tomer
Occupation = Musician, composer, bandleader, singer
Years_active = 1983–present

Abatte Barihun ( _he. אבטה בריהון) (born 1967, Addis Ababa) is an Israeli jazz saxophonist and composer. His sound is reminiscent of John Coltrane's, who has highly influenced Barihun.

Early life and career (1967–1999)

Barihun was born in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. His house resided next to the music school of Addis Ababa University, as well as a nearby military base. Young Barihun fell for the march sound of the saxophones and other wind instruments emerging from the neighbouring military brass band. He got a saxophone and joined the music school, where he was exposed to Western Jazz albums of Charlie Parker and others.Barry Davis, [http://www.bluesforpeace.com/jpost_1.8.2002.htm Ras Jazz] , Jerusalem Post, August 1st 2002]

By the age of 16, Barihun joined the Ethiopian Military band, with which he toured through Ethiopia and the Eastern Bloc. This period in his life came to an abrupt end six years later, when the band's bus was ambushed by EPRDF forces, rebelling against Mengistu Haile Mariam's Marxist dictatorship. Most band members were killed in the prolonged attack, and Barihun was wounded by two bullets.Ben Shalev, [http://www.mouse.co.il/CM.articles_item,679,209,2055,.aspx Abatte comes back home] , Haaretz 16.5.2006 (Hebrew)]

For 8 years Barihun kept playing every night at the Hilton and Sheraton hotels of Addis Ababa. He also played in the Ethiopian National Theater and toured with Mahmoud Ahmed. At the age of 21 he established his own Jazz band, with which he toured Europe three times a year. His last European tour ended merely three weeks before his aliyah to Israel.

Home coming

Barihun joined his family in Israel on 1999, leaving behind his ex-wife and their son Nahum. His dream - being a musician in Israel - has proven difficult to realize.Abatte Barihun, liner notes for the album Ras Deshen, 2005] Facing a language barrier and the burden of alimony, Barihun worked as a dishwasher in a restaurant through the day and as a night security guard. His fingers were burned by dishwashing detergents, hindering his practice with his saxophones.Inao Freda-Sanbetto, [http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArtPE.jhtml?itemNo=691849 Operation Moses] , Haaretz 11 March 2006 (Hebrew)] He was discovered by Moshe Bar-Yuda, then head of the TOMER NGO, and formerly (1957) one of the first Israeli emissaries to Beta Israel communities. Bar Yuda brought Barihun together with musicologist Shlomo Israeli, who was deeply touched by Barihun's playing.Shlomo Israeli, liner notes for the album Ras Deshen, 2005] Israeli paired Barihun with jazz pianist Yitzhak Yedid, a successful match that gave rise to the "Ras Deshen Ensemble".

Ras Deshen

Barihun and Yedid's ensemble is named after the Amharic name of Ras Dashen mountain, the highest mountain in Ethiopia. Ras Dashen belongs to the rugged Semien Mountains, where Ethiopian Jews defended themselves against persecutions by the Christian Emperors of Ethiopia through the 14th-17th Centuries.Steven Kaplan, "Betä Əsraʾel", in Siegbert von Uhlig, ed., "Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C" (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2003), p.553.] Pankhurst, Richard. "The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century" (Asmara, Eritrea: The Red Sea, Inc., 1997), pp.78-79.] Ras Deshen's premiere concert took place in September 2001 on a Festival in Tel Aviv. On September 2002 the duo recorded its self-titular maiden album, which was released on 2004. The album was hailed by music critics and was rated among the two best Israeli jazz albums of the year.Terrell Kent Holmes, [http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/review_print.php?id=20760 Ras Deshen: From Ethiopian Music to Contemporary Jazz] , All About Jazz]

The album contains eight pieces which blend free jazz with four musical modes used in the Ethiopian Highlands, comprising the unique qenet modal system. NewGrove2001|Ethiopia|Shelemay, Kay Kaufman|viii|p. 356] Three of these modes - Bati, Tezeta and Ambassel - originate from the Wollo region in the Ethiopian Highlands, where most of the Jewish community has concentrated.Moshe Bar-Yuda, liner notes for the album Ras Deshen, 2005] The fourth mode, Anchi Hoye, is used in religious music.

Anchi Hoye

Anchi Hoye mode is used for prayers in the Masgid, which is the Jewish Ethiopian Synagogue, as well as in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. It is also used in wedding music, as well as in courting songs, love songs and even battle songs. Two tracks in the album are composed in this mode: Anchi Hoye and Nafkote.

Anchi Hoye, the opening track, was composed by Barihun, reflecting his deep feelings for his beloved. Barihun's tenor saxophone opens with a style referencing both John Coltrane and Lester Young. Four minutes into the song comes a piano solo by Yedid, which was described as "so reminiscent of Keith Jarrett that his solo could be dropped seamlessly into the grooves of The Köln Concert".

Nafkote, the sixth track, is a traditional longing song. Here Barihun first sings in Amharic, a feat he has not practiced back in Ethiopia. Yedid's piano traces the rhythm for about two minutes, then starts improvising on the scale. About a minute later Barihun improvises on top of Yedid's piano for about two minutes, then concludes with the traditional song.

Bati

Bati is a market town in the southern part of Wollo, in the Oromia Zone, between the Ethiopian highlands and the Great Rift Valley. The musical mode named after it is used in praise songs for rulers and sages, as well as in yearning songs for a beloved. Two tracks in the album are composed in this mode: Bati and Birtukane.

Bati is a traditional song, telling of a man longing for his beloved woman, and going after her to Bati. The western listener may be familiar with this song from Ethiopiques Volume 15, which opens with a pounding performance of this song. Barihun and Yedid formulate a contemplative arrangement for this composition, which preserves its original mode. The piano silently accompanies Barihun's sobbing soprano sax, then his singing. Towards the fifth minute Yedid interprets the piece on his piano, to which Barihun joins for a penetrating duet. The composition ends with Barihun's singing, sealed with a sigh.

Birtukane, "my orange", is a traditional longing song to the family and loved ones who are far away. Krar player Fentahon Malessa accompanies Barihun's improvisations on the saxophone, in an instrumental variation of Assafe Abatte's melody, in Bati-minor mode.

Tezeta

Tezeta literally means nostalgia, a bittersweet longing for the past. [Tezeta definition taken from the website http://tezeta.net dedicated to Ethiopian compositions] Tezeta mode is used to express dreams, wishes and yearnings. Ethiopian Jews used this mode to express their yearning to Jerusalem and the Land of Israel. After coming to Israel, this mode has been used to express nostalgia to Ethiopia. Some love and wedding songs were also composed in this mode, that originates from the Wollo region. Barihun & Yedid excel at performing the two pieces composed in this mode: Yehar Shererit and Fikir.

Yehar Shererit, "Spider web", is a traditional song describing the difficult life of the spider, endlessly weaving its artistic silky web. Its melody, composed by singer Hirut Bekele in Tezeta-minor mode, is served in an instrumental arrangement. The dramatic element of the composition is steadily built, from the opening piano tap to the tenor groans at the fourth minute. The first peak of the duet leads to a brief piano session, after which the saxophone clears its path to a touching exhibition of creativity to the end of the composition. Multiple brilliant instants are packed into these seven short minutes, illustrating that the mutual inspiration between Barihun and Yedid yields their most fascinating moments. Music critic T.K. Holmes has remarked that Abbate's tenor "has a palpable R&B/gospel tinge, with an occasional gutbucket growl added for good measure, working in tandem with Yedid’s playful boogie-woogie chaos".

Fikir, "Love", was composed by Tilahun Gessesse in Tezeta-minor mode. It utters the wonder of love that is beyond words. Yedid first accompanies Barihun's tenor for about 3.5 minutes, followed by Barihun's chant. A piano solo then follows, over which the saxophone swirls into a rich expression of love. An additional cycle of singing then seals the composition. Downtown Music Gallery has commented on this tune that Barihun "reaches even deeper into the his heart and soul and sings this touching piece sublime spirit".cite web |url=http://downtownmusicgallery.com/Main/news/Newsletter-2006-02-17.html |title=Newsletter February 17th, 2006|work=Downtown Music Gallery |first=Bruce Lee |last=Gallanter |accessdate=2008-02-15]

Ambassel

Ambassel is a mountain fortress ruled by the Jantirar, and a woreda named after it in Wollo region. Ambassel district raised many musicians and music lovers. Ambassel mode is used for singing historical and traditional tales and for children's songs. Its popularity throughout Ethiopia grew as Empress Menen Asfaw, the daughter of Jantirar Asfaw, became consort of Emperor Haile Selassie.

Ambassel, the seventh piece in the album, is a traditional tune upon which the singer improvises stories of his emotions, or historical tales. Here Fentahon Malessa's Krar accompanies player Barihun's improvisations on the saxophone, leaving the listener to imagine the musical tales that could have been embroidered by Barihun, Yedid and Malessa together.

Behatito Kadus Kadus

The ending song of the album is an adaptation of a prayer sung on Shacharit of Yom Kippur and other Jewish holidays. Its name Behatito Kadus Kadus - "You alone are holy holy" in Ge'ez - reflects the persistent belief of Ethiopian Jews in the unity of God, in face of the surrounding belief in the trinity. The prayer, in the sacred language Ge'ez, has different versions for Shalosh regalim and for the High Holy Days. Traditionally it is sung by six Kessim repeatedly answering one of them ("Behatito" - "Kadus Kadus!"). In the album Barihun sings it as a personal ode, while perserving the original melody which is surprisingly reminiscent of the Blues. At the third minute Yedid vamps like Fats Waller, as Barihun's tenor Sax "grooves between Ethiopia and the Mississippi Delta". The New Orleansian tinge and piercing theme have made it popular among the Israeli and Western audience alike.

Psalms

On December 2005 Ras Deshen launched a new concert titled "Psalms" ("מזמורי תהלים"). It consists of nine pieces based on Kessim chants, consolidated into a suite.Ben Shalev, [http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArtPE.jhtml?itemNo=660605 Chant of the Kes] , Haaretz 21.12.2005 (Hebrew)] The duo is joined by singer Esther Keinan-Ofri, drummer Tegen Zenba, Contrabassist Ora Boazsson-Chorev and dancer Tezeta. [ [http://bidur.index.co.il/siteFiles/1/23/242757.asp?gate_id=239902 Psalms concert] (Hebrew)] Composed by Barihun, Yedid and Keinan-Ofri, it blends Israeli, Arabic and Western elements with the corresponding Kessim chants.

Kuluma

On December 2003 Barihun established the Kuluma band, together with Itamar Borochov (Trumpet), Alon Yoffe (drums and vocals), Uri Naveh (West African Percussion), Sangit Dotan Segal (Afro-Cuban Percussion and Vocals), Orr Bareket (Bass Guitar) and David Adda (Keyboards and Vocals). [MySpace|52421334|Kuluma] On December 2005 they released their debut album, "Mother Tongue" ("שפת אם"). [ [http://www.qube.co.il/ency_band.asp?e=3376&cat=39 About Kuluma] at Qube website (Hebrew)] Both the album and their concerts, mixing Ethiopian music with Cuban influences, gained critical acclaim. [Tal Ben Bina, [http://www.nrg.co.il/online/15/ART1/020/541.html Is it ethnic? Is it Jazz? Is it a plane?] , NRG, December 14th 2005] [YouTube|F8rsmCqHXZY|Barihun playing with Kuluma] [YouTube|xvtuPxXAc18|Barihun's saxophone solo with Kuluma]

Other collaborations

Ariel Zilber has supported Barihun and added him to his concerts since they met. Barihun participated in Zilber's 2005 album Anabel, writing and composing its titular song Anabel. [Mooma artist|id=26618|name=Abatte Barihun] He joined the East West Ensemble to their concert "The Hidden Spirituals" ("מוסיקה מעולמות עליונים"), released as a 2006 album titled "Kabbalah Music - The Hidden Spirituals". [ [http://www.magda.co.il/kabbalah.html Kabbalah Music - The Hidden Spirituals] - at Magda label website] Barihun sings the chant Behatito Kadus Kadus on a different arrangement, escorted by the ensemble. [YouTube|7r3Uq9PsybE|Behatito Kadus Kadus by Barihun and the East West Ensemble on "The Hidden Spirituals"]

Barihun plays with Nadav Haber's quartet on their highly acclaimed Addis Mist concert, starting 2006. [Ilan Ratzabi, [http://forums.nana.co.il/Article/?ArticleID=434618 Nadav Haber Quartet – and then they became six] , March 7th 2007] Haber describes his meeting with Barihun as an important step in his musical development: "Abbate taught me what the saxophone can do in Ethiopian music, and only after I met him I became an Ethiopian saxophonist myself. The inspiration he gave me made me start practicing twice as much". [Ben Shalev, [http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/spages/794264.html How I became an Ethiopian Saxophonist] , Haaretz November 29th 2006 (Hebrew)]

On May 2007 Barihun played on Melbourne Jazz Festival with Australian pianist Aaron Choulai, on a concert termed "the most unique showcase of the entire festival".Laurence Donohue-Greene, [http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=26209 Melbourne Jazz Festival 2007] , All about jazz, July 6th, 2007] Their three gigs through the festival, including compositions from Ras Deshen's repertoire, drew high attention.

References

* Ben Shalev, [http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArtPE.jhtml?itemNo=716075 The Cancer of Ethiopian Music] , Haaretz, May 15th 2006 - of Ras Deshen's visit to Addis Ababa (Hebrew)