Sol Hurok

Sol Hurok (Solomon Isiaevich Hurok; born Solomon Izrailevich Gurkov, Russian Соломон Израилевич Гурков) (April 9, 1888, Ukraine — March 5, 1974, New York City) was a world famous 20th century American impresario.cite web |url= http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1083/is_n9_v68/ai_15825426 |title= Book Review: "The Last Impresario: The Life, Times, and Legacy of Sol Hurok," by Harlow Robinson |author= Harris Green |work= Dance Magazine, September 1994 |quote= ] Hurok moved to the United States in 1906 and became a naturalized citizen in 1914.

During Hurok's long and illustrious career, [ibdb name|23745|S. Hurok] [imdb name|0403533|Sol Hurok] S. Hurok Presents managed many major performing artists, including Marian Anderson, Irina Arkhipova, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Feodor Chaliapin, Van Cliburn, Isadora Duncan, Michel Fokine, Emil Gilels, Jerome Hines, Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli, David Oistrakh, Anna Pavlova, Jan Peerce, Svyatoslav Richter, Mstislav Rostropovich, Arthur Rubinstein, Isaac Stern, Galina Vishnevskaya, Efrem Zimbalist, and many others.

The First Moog Quartet, the first to perform electronic music in Carnegie Hall, was formed in 1970 in response to Hurok's request to hear the Moog synthesizer in a live concert.

In 1935, Rubinstein introduced Hurok to singer Marian Anderson,cite web |url= http://www.historyforsale.com/html/prodetails.asp?documentid=166347&start=15&page=41 |title= Brief notes about Sol Hurok |quote= Fittingly, it was Anderson who said the final words at Hurok's funeral. ] cite web |url= http://www.usps.com/communications/community/_txt/mariankit.txt |title= Marian Anderson, Voice of the Century |author= United States Postal Service |date= 2005 |format= plain text |quote= ] who retained Hurok as her manager for the rest of her career.cite web |url= http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/rbm/mss/anderson/anderson_m4.html |title= Marian Anderson Biography |author= |work= University of Pennsylvania Library Special Collections-MA Register 4 ( [http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/rbm/mss/anderson/anderson_m3.html Scope and Content Note] ) |date= Last update: 31 January 2003 |quote= ] A few years later Hurok, with Walter White of the NAACP and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, was instrumental in persuading U.S. Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes to arrange the now-legendary Easter Sunday open-air concert on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial on April 9, 1939.

In 1959, after 35 years of effort,cite web |url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,811062,00.html?promoid=googlep |title= What Sol Wrought |author= |work= Time |date= 27 April 1959 |quote= After 35 years of trying, Hurok had finally signed Moscow's famed Bolshoi Ballet for an epochal eight-week U.S. tour, and now he was issuing a frantic order: tell newspapers nothing more about the Bolshoi—not even its repertory. Was Hurok mad? Not at all. As the Bolshoi opened at Manhattan's Metropolitan Opera House… he was merely the center of the fiercest ticket crush in recent memory. ] Sol Hurok brought the historic Russian Bolshoi Ballet to the United States for an eight week performance tour. In 1961, he brought Russia's Kirov Academy of Ballet and the Igor Moiseyev Ballet Company to the U.S. In 1962, he achieved the extraordinary by again bringing the Bolshoi to the U.S. for a tour at the height of the Cuban Missile Crisis.cite web |url= http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1083/is_n11_v68/ai_15923029/pg_5 |title= Sol Hurok: America's dance impresario |author= Harlow Robinson |work= Dance Magazine |date= November 1994 |quote= By bringing Soviet artists to the West and American artists to the USSR from the mid-1950s through the mid-1970s, Hurok added an important measure of continuity and humanity to the fragile superpower relationship. Even at the height of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the moment at which the world came closest to nuclear war, the Bolshoi Ballet was dancing across the United States under the "S. Hurok Presents" banner. To those opposed to rapprochement with Moscow, however, such as the militant Jewish Defense League, Hurok's presentation of Soviet performers in the United States was a moral outrage. Beginning with picket lines and stinkbombs, the JDL's anti-Hurok campaign climaxed in the terrorist bombing of his offices in early 1972. Hurok was hospitalized for smoke inhalation, and one of his secretaries was killed. Those who knew Hurok well agree that the incident undermined his seemingly indestructible constitution. He died two years later of a massive heart attack on the way to a meeting with David Rockefeller. They were planning to discuss possible financing for a new attraction he was developing with Rudolf Nureyev—"Nureyev and Friends." ]

In honor of Hurok's vast influence on American music, on December 4, 1971 he was awarded the prestigious University of Pennsylvania Glee Club Award of Merit [cite web | url = http://www.dolphin.upenn.edu/gleeclub/MEMBERS_merit.html|title=The University of Pennsylvania glee Club Award of Merit Recipients] . Beginning in 1964, this award was "established to bring a declaration of appreciation to an individual each year that has made a significant contribution to the world of music and helped to create a climate in which our talents may find valid expression."

In 1972, a bomb planted in Hurok's Manhattan office exploded,cite web |url= http://www.leapfrogpress.com/available-books/rookie-excerpt.htm |title= Chapter One, excerpt: "Rookie Cop: Deep Undercover in the Jewish Defense League" |author= Richard Rosenthal |date= 2000 |work= Leapfrog Press |publisher= ISBN 0-9654578-4-5 |quote= Before those responsible were aware they had killed a young Jewish woman, one of those in charge of the operation had already made the obligatory call to the media, saying: "This culture destroys millions of Jews. Cultural bridges of friendship will not be built over the bodies of Soviet Jews. NEVER AGAIN!" ] killing his receptionist and injuring several others, including Hurok. The bombing had been arranged by the Jewish Defense League, which opposed the U.S. tours of artists from the Soviet Union.

In 1974, en route to a meeting with David Rockefeller to discuss a Rudolf Nureyev project, Hurok died of a heart attack. More than two thousand people nearly filled Carnegie Hall for his funeral, where Marian Anderson delivered the final eulogy.

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