Cappadocian Greek language

Infobox Language
name=Cappadocian
region=Greece, originally Cappadocia (Central Turkey)
speakers=very few, previously thought to be extinct
familycolor=Indo-European
fam2=Greek
fam3=Attic
iso2=ine|iso3=cpg

Cappadocian, also known as Cappadocian Greek or Asia Minor Greek, is a dialect of the Greek language, formerly spoken in Cappadocia (Central Turkey). After the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in the 1920s, Cappadocian speakers were forced to emigrate to Greece, where they were resettled in various locations, especially in Central and Northern Greece. The Cappadocians rapidly shifted to Standard Modern Greek and their language was thought to be extinct since the 1960s. In June 2005, Mark Janse (Ghent University) and Dimitris Papazachariou (University of Patras) discovered Cappadocians in Central and Northern Greece who could still speak their native language fluently. Amongst them are middle-aged, third-generation speakers who take a very positive attitude towards the language as opposed to their parents and grandparents. The latter are much less inclined to speak Cappadocian and more often than not switch to Standard Modern Greek. A survey of Cappadocian speakers and language use is currently in preparation.

History and research

Cappadocian evolved out of Byzantine Greek. After the battle of Manzikert in 1071, Cappadocia was cut off from the rest of the Greek-speaking world and Turkish became the lingua franca in the region.

The earliest records of the language are in the macaronic Persian poems of Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi, who lived in Iconium (Konya), and some Ghazals by his son Sultan Walad. The texts have proven difficult to make sense of as they are written in Arabic script, in Rumi's case without vowel points; Dedes' is the most recent edition and rather more successful than others.

Many Cappadocians shifted to Turkish altogether (written with the Greek alphabet, Karamanlidika) and where Greek was maintained (Sille, villages near Kayseri, Pharasa town and other nearby villages), it became heavily influenced by the surrounding Turkish. Unfortunately, there are next to no written documents in Medieval or early Modern Cappadocian, as the language was and still is essentially without a written tradition. The earliest descriptions of Cappadocian date from the 19th century, but are generally not very accurate.

The first reliable grammar of Cappadocian is "Modern Greek in Asia Minor. A study of dialect of Silly, Cappadocia and Pharasa." (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1916) by the first Bywater and Sotheby Professor of Byzantine and Modern Greek Language and Literature at the University of Oxford, Richard MacGillivray Dawkins (1871-1955), based on fieldwork conducted by the author in Cappadocia in 1909-1911.

After the population exchange, several Cappadocian dialects have been described by collaborators of the Center for Asia Minor Studies (Κέντρον Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών) in Athens: Ulağaç (I.I. Kesisoglou, 1951), Aravan (D. Phosteris & I.I. Kesisoglou, 1960), Axo (G. Mavrochalyvidis & I.I. Kesisoglou, 1960) and Anaku (A.P. Costakis, 1964), resulting in a series of grammars (although regrettably not all Cappadocian villages were covered). The Pharasiot priest Theodoridis also published some folk texts.

In recent years, the study of Cappadocian has seen a revival following the pioneering work on "Language contact, creolization, and genetic (linguistics)" (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988) by Sarah Grey Thomason and Terrence Kaufman, and a series of publications on various aspects of Cappadocian linguistics by Mark Janse, professor at Roosevelt Academy, who has also contributed a grammatical survey of Cappadocian to a forthcoming handbook on Modern Greek dialects edited by Christos Tzitzilis (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki).

The recent discovery of Cappadocian speakers by Janse and Papazachariou will result in a new grammar, dictionary and collection of texts.

Cappadocian Greek is well known from the linguistic literature as being one of the first well documented cases of language death, and in particular the significant admixture of non-Indo-European linguistic features into an Indo-European language. This process was pronounced on South-Western Cappadocia, and included the introduction of vowel harmony and verb-final word order.

Characteristics

The Greek element in Cappadocian is to a large extent Byzantine, e.g. "θír" or "tír" "door" from (Ancient and) Byzantine Greek "θύρα" (Modern Greek θύρα), "píka" or "épka" "I did" from Byzantine Greek έποικα (Modern Greek έκανα). Other, pre-Byzantine, archaisms are the use of the possessive pronouns "mó(n)", "só(n)" etc. from Ancient Greek εμός, σός etc. and the formation of the imperfect tense by means of the suffix "-išk-" from the Ancient Greek (Ionic) iterative suffix "-(e)sk-". Turkish influence appears at every level. The Cappadocian sound system includes the Turkish vowels ı, ö, ü, and the Turkish consonants b, d, g, š, ž, tš, dž (although some of these are also found in Greek words as a result of palatalization). Turkish vowel harmony is found in forms such as "düšündǘzu" "I think", aor. 3sg "düšǘntsü" < "düšǘntsi" (Malakopi), from Turkish "düşünmek", "patišáxıs" < "patišáxis" "king" (Delmeso), from Turkish "padişah". Cappadocian noun morphology is characterized by the emergence of a generalized agglutinative declension and the progressive loss of grammatical gender distinctions, e.g. "to néka" "the (neuter) woman (feminine)", genitive "néka-ju", plural "nékes", genitive "nékez-ju" (Ulağaç). Another Turkish feature is the morphological marking of definiteness in the accusative case, e.g. "líkos" "wolf (nominative / unmarked indefinite accusative)" vs. "líko" "wolf (marked definite accusative)". Agglutinative forms are also found in the verb system such as the pluperfect tense "írta ton" "I had come" (lit. "I came I was") (Delmeso) on the model of Turkish "geldi idi" ("geldiydi"). Although Cappadocian word order is essentially governed by discourse considerations such as topic and focus, there is a tendency towards the Turkish Subject Object Verb word order with its typological correlates (suffixation and pre-nominal grammatical modifiers).

The commonality among all Greek Cappadocian dialects is that they evolved from Byzantine Greek under the influence of Turkish. On the other hand, those dialects evolved in isolated villages. This has resulted in a variety of Greek Cappadocian dialects.

Dialects

* Northeastern Cappadocian (Sinasos, Potamia plus Delmeso)
* Northwestern Cappadocian (Silata or Zila, Anaku, Flojita, Malakopi)
* Central Cappadocian (Axo; Misti)
* Southwestern Cappadocian (Aravan, Gurzono; Fertek)
* Southeastern Cappadocian (Ulağaç, Semendere)

* Farasiot: dialect of Pharasa town (Develi in Kayseri) and other nearby villages (Afshar-Köy, Çukuri), more closely related to Pontic, though both are the closest relatives of Cappadocian
* Sille

External links

* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cpg Ethnologue report for Cappadocian Greek]
* [http://www.roac.nl/roac/hum-dept.phtml?st=janse Web-page Mark Janse]

Bibliography

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