Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary

Infobox Indian Jurisdiction
native_name=Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary
other_name =
type= Habitat/Species Management Area
iucn_category = IV
latd = 10.31 |longd= 79.86
locator_position=left
inset_

inset_map_size = 75px
inset_map_x = 175px
inset_map_y = 225px
inset_map_marker = yes
inset_map_marker_size = 4x4px
inset_map_default = yes
skyline = PCWBS-welcome.jpg
skyline_caption =
state_name= Tamil Nadu
district= Nagapattinam
nearest_city = Chennai (Madras) | blank_title_2 = Governing body | blank_value_2 = Tamil Nadu Department of forests
altitude=7
area_total=21.47
precip= 1280
temp_summer= 24
temp_winter= 32
established_title = Established
established_date = 1967
blank_title_1 = Visitation/year | blank_value_1 =
footnotes = Website: [http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/ws_pcws.html Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary]
IBA Code: IN275, Criteria: A1, A4i, A4iii [ [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMFindResults.asp&INam=Point Calimere&Reg=2&Cty=99] ]

Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary (PCWBS) is a km2 to mi2|21.47|abbr=yes protected area in Tamil Nadu, South India along the Palk Straight where it meets the Bay of Bengal at Point Calimere at the southeastern tip of Nagapattinam District. The sanctuary was created in 1967 for conservation of the near threatened Blackbuck Antelope, an endangered endemic mammal species of India. It is famous for large congregations of waterbirds, especially Greater Flamingos. cite web
author= Tamil Nadu Forest Department
title = Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary
url = http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/ws_pcws.html
last =
first =
authorlink =
coauthors =
date =
year = 2007
month =
work =
accessdate= 2008-09-15
publisher = National Information Centre
location =
pages = Wild Biodiversity] A km2 to mi2|7|abbr=yes core area of this sanctuary has been proposed as a National Park [ENVIS [http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/list_proposednp.pdf|List of Proposed National Parks in India] , 2006]

History

Before 168 AD Ptolemy referred to Point Calimere as "Calligicum prom.". [ [http://books.google.com/books?id=OqsBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA277&lpg=PA277&dq=Calligicum&source=web&ots=nBhoT021ns&sig=-grFGxnXbKFkSoQ52eaNvGAmYRg&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result Compendium of Ancient Geography] , By Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d' Anville, John Horsley,Published by R. M'Dernaut and D.D. Arden, 1814Item notes: v. 2, p. 277Original from the New York Public Library,Digitized Apr 27, 2007] Use of the term Point Calimere appears to date back at least to between the early 16th century, when Portuguese traders started commercial contacts with nearby Nagapattinam town, and 1554 when they established a commercial center there. In the Portuguese language "calido" means warm and "mar" means sea. [Wikipedia Nagapattinam History]

In the 8th century a brick and mortar lighthouse at Calimere Point was said to have been built during the regime of Raja Raja Chola I. In 1890 the British erected a m to ft|13|abbr=yes m. tall lighthouse at Point Calimere which is still in use near the remains of the old Chola lighthouse. cite web
url=http://dgllnoida.gov.in/chennai/POINT.html
title=Welcome to POINT CALIMERE LIGHT HOUSE
accessdate=2008-09-20
publisher=Directorate General of Lighthouses and Ships
date= ]

Before 1892 the forests around Point Calimere were administered by the Revenue Department and Temple trustees who allowed local people to collect firewood, fish and minor forest products. Forest management practices in the area began in 1892 with creation of the km2 to mi2|14.75|abbr=yes Kodaikadu Reserved Forest. A small area near the Sanyasin Muniaswar Temple was used by the British as a hunting ground and later cleared and replanted with Casuarina and Eucalyptus for firewood production. Some of these old trees remain. Palmyrah trees were planted to mark the village forests from the Reserved Forest near Munniappan Lake. There is a shrine to the deities "Shevrayan" and "Soni" located deep in the forests of the northern part of the sanctuary. A small village near Shevrayan Kovil shrine was relocated outside the sanctuary after the creation of Kodaikarai Reserve Forest. A few uncommon Indian tulip and Neem trees from this old settlement still remain.

In the early 1900's small numbers of ponies were bred and large amounts of tobacco were grown in the neighbourhood. The promontory was once used as a sanitarium, but by 1909 was said to be malarious from April to June. Bathing in the sea at Point Calimere was considered sacred by Hindus and a temple there was an object of pilgrimage. [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_297.gifImperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, v. 9, p. 291.]

In 1911 The reserve forest was under the control of the Trichy-cum-Thanjavor Forest Division. In 1922 the reserved forest was put under the control of the Revenue Divisional Officer, Mannargudi by the Governor of Madras. In 1938, Kodaikarai Extension No. 1 km2 to mi2|23.66|abbr=yes, Kodaikarai Estension No. 214.75 km2 to mi2|num=.1|abbr=yes|spell=Commonwealth|precision=2|wiki=no and Kodaikarai Estension No. 3 km2 to mi2|num=.07|abbr=yes|spell=Commonwealth|precision=2|wiki=no were added to form the present area of the sanctuary. In 1950 control of the forest was shifted to the Tiruchirapalli Forest Division, in 1957 to the Thanjavur Division and in 1965 to the State Wildlife officer in Chennai. In 1967 the sanctuary was created and put under control of the Thanjavar Forest Division and then to the Wildlife Division in Nagapattinam when that was created in 1986.

In 1936 a rail line was extended to Kodaikorai for transport of salt from Vedaranyam. Train service was halted in 1988 and the tracks were dismanteled in 1995. During World War II a radar station was constructed and operated by Army personnel who had unquestioned access to the forests. In 1943 an experimental Casurina plantation was begun and soon extended by destruction of most of the natural forest. This resulted in a major decrease in numbers and variety of wild animals in the area.In the early years of the Sanctuary management was concentrated on prevention of poaching and provision of water to the wildlife. Poaching has been controlled but water supply is a continuing effort. In 1979 the first of several water troughs supplied from water barrels transported by bullock cart and open wells were built. Beginning in 2001-02 several perennial water holes supplied by pipe from bore wells and a large elevated water tank on the western edge of the sanctuary were built.

Several tree planting schemes to increase biodiversity have yielded poor results, with the exception of "Casuarina equisetifolia". Current practice is to avoid new tree planting and concentrate on removal of the invasive "Prosopis juliflora". An annual wildlife census has been conducted since 1991.

The Bombay Natural History Society has been conducting regular bird migration studies in the sanctuary since 1959. In 2007 it is building a new field station in Kodaikadu.

On March 9, 1998 a m to ft|45|abbr=yes tall modern lighthouse near Kodaikorai Beach was commissioned. [ [http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/lighthouse/inde.htm Lighthouses of India's East Coast] ]

In 1999 many speed breakers were installed on the Vedaranyam - Kodaikorai road which have effectively prevented the killing of wildlife by speeding vehicles. In 2004 - 2005 nearly 100 boundary pillars were erected for boundary demarcation.

On December 26th 2004 a Tsunami as high as 10 feet hit the Kodiyakarai coast of the sanctuary. Seawater flooded the entire sanctuary with four feet of water. The sanctuary escaped serious damage and the sanctuary, animals and birds largely survived the giant wave, but 5,525 persons were killed in neighboring parts of Nagapattinam District. cite journal
coauthors =C. Sivasubramanian 1 and R. Sivakkumar 2
title = Study of the Impact of the Tsunami on the Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary and the Muthupet Mangrove Forest
journal = CONSERVATION ACTION SERIES
issue = 20050904
pages = 66-71
publisher = Wildlife Trust of India
location = Department of Zoology, North Orissa University
date = 2005
url = http://www.wildlifetrustofindia.org/html/reports/Tsunami_Vol1.pdf
page=67
accessdate = 2008-09-20]

The documentary film "Point Calimere - Little Kingdom by the Coast" by Shekar Dattatri won the Centre for Media Studies (CMS) Vatavaran 2007 award in the Nature category. [ [http://www.cmsvatavaran.org/winner2007.asp Nature: "Point Calimere - Little Kingdom by the Coast"] ]

Cultural Heritage

Several sites of religious, historical or cultural importance are located within the sanctuary:
*Ramar Padam (literally: Ramas Footprint) located on the highest point of land in the sanctuary, is a small shrine containing the stone footprints of Lord Rama. Large numbers of Rama devotees gather here during the 2nd week of April to celebrate Ram Navami Festival.
*Sanyasin Muniaswar Kovil is a shrine between the eastern bank of Muniappan Lake and Kodaikarai Road visited by devotees on all auspicious occasions. On March 20 a special Puja is celebrated here.
*Mattumunian Kovil is a small temple in the south of the sanctuary where people worship and offer prayers throughout the year. A major festival occurs here on the 3rd Friday of September.
*Modi Mandapam is a shrine located near Ramar Padam where people of all castes worship. Hindu legend says that Lord Vedaraneswarer spends a night here with his consort during January - February. In the first week of March a major festival is held here.
*Avulaiganni Dargah is the grave of a Muslim saint located near the road by Ramar Padam. His death anniversary is observed here at the end of November.
*Shevrayan Kovil is a shrine to the deities "Shevrayan" and "Soni" located deep in the forests of the northern part of the sanctuary. A small village near this shrine was relocated outside the sanctuary after the creation of Kodaikarai Reserve Forest. A large congregation of devotees from Arcothurai(?=Akkaraipettai) celebrate a special festival here in June/July.
*Adivasi Colony is a backwards community of Ambalakars living in ramshackle huts of mud, coconut fronds and palmyrah leaves on the edge of Kodaikarai village. Their traditional livelihood was the collection of non-timber forest products in the areas that are now the sanctuary. These practices are now prohibited but not fully eliminated. Many of these people catch fish and small prawns in the nearby mudflats and swamps simply by groping in the water with their hands. Some work as day labour in the nearby salt pans. They have little interaction with other communities on the island.
*Chola Lighthouse is the remains of a brick and mortar lighthouse near Point Calimere said to have been built by the Cholas more than a thousand years ago. This structure was badly damaged by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami but can still be seen in the intertidal zone near the British lighthouse.
*British Lighthouse is a m to ft|13|abbr=yes tall operating lighthouse built by the British at the tip of Point Calemere in 1890 and can be seen NM to km|13 at sea.
*Kodaikarai Lighthouse is a m to ft|45|abbr=yes tall modern aid to navigation located near Kodaikorai Beach and is not accesable to the public. This dominates the sanctuary and may be seen by seamen far at sea.

Geography

The sanctuary, located adjacent to and east of Kodaikarai and Kodaikadu villages, is basically an Island surrounded by the Bay of Bengal to the east, the Palk Straight to the south and swampy backwaters and salt pans to the west and north. Coordinates are between 10.276 to 10.826 N and 79.399 to 79.884 E. Low sand dunes are located along the coast and along the western periphery with coastal plains, tidal mud-flats and shallow seasonal ponds in between. Sand dunes in the east are mostly now stabilized by "Prosopis" and the higher dunes in the west are stabilized by dense Tropical dry evergreen forests. The tallest dune in the sanctuary and the highest point of land in Nagapattinam District is m to ft|7|abbr=yes. at the northwest corner of the sanctuary at "Ramar Padam".

PCWBS forms the easternmost and most biologically diverse part of RAMSAR site no. 1210 which, in 2002, was declared a place of international importance for the conservation of waterbirds and their wetlands habitats. This km2 to mi2|385|abbr=yes site comprises PCWBS, Panchanadikulam Wetland, Unsurveyed Salt swamp, Thalainayar Reserved Forest and Muthupet Mangroves. It is all part of the Great Vedaranyam Swamp, except the reserved forest.

Fauna

This sanctuary is an area of high biodiversity, with many unique species of animals and birds. [http://www.flickr.com/photos/mohanram_rk/tags/ptcalimere/show/ See photos]
*Land AnimalsPCWBS is inhabited by 14 mammal species, 18 reptile species and 9 amphibian species. The Flagship species of the sanctuary is Near Threatened Blackbuck antelope, the sole member of the Antilope family in India and the most numerous large animal in the sanctuary. It has the largest population of Blackbuck in South India (1,450 in March 2005). Other notable animals include: Spotted Deer, Jackel, Bonnet Monkey, Wild Boar, Monitor lizard, Short-nosed Fruit Bat, Small Indian Civet, Star Tortoise, Indian Grey Mongoose, Black-naped Hare, Jungle Cat and Feral Pony.

*Marine Animals
Bottlenose Dolphin is frequently seen along the shore of the sanctuary in morning and evening hours during the winter. The shoreline beaches of the sanctuary are a regular nesting site of the endangered Olive Ridley Turtle. In 2002 a pair of Bryde's Whale were found washed ashore near the sanctuary. One 10 ton 35 foot whale was successfully towed back to sea. This was the first successful rescue of a beached whale in Asia.

*WaterbirdsThis site has recorded the 2nd largest congregation of migratory waterbirds in India, with a peak population in excess of 100,000, representing 103 species. Bombay Natural History Society researchers have captured, studied, ringed and released over 200,000 birds during the course of several ornithological studies here in the past several years.

In October these waterbirds arrive from Rann of Kutch, Eastern Siberia, Northern Russia, Central Asia and parts of Europe for their feeding season and start returning to those breeding places in January. These waterbirds include threatened species as Spot-billed Pelican, Spotted Greenshank, Spoonbill Sandpiper and Black-necked Stork. Near threatened species include White Ibis, Asian Dowitcher, Lesser Flamingo, Spoonbill, Darter and Painted Stork.

*Landbirds

Over 1500 hectares of the best Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest in India
are in the sanctuary. They harbor a large variety of resident and migratory landbirds. The most common of the 35 resident species are White-browed bulbul, Brahminy kite, Small Green-billed Malkoha, Crow pheasant, Rose-ringed parakeet, Grey partridge, Blue-tailed Bee-eater and Common iora.

Spotted dove and Collared dove are common in the Mangroves.

Flora

This site is a mix of salt swamps, Mangroves, backwaters, mudflats, grasslands and Tropical dry evergreen forests. 364 of flowering plant species have been identified in the sanctuary of which 50% are herbs and the others are climbers, shrubs and trees. 198 of these have medicinal properties. Manilkara hexandra, locally called "Palai" is the dominant dry evergreen species and an important food source for fruit eating birds. Middle canopy is dominated by the invasive "prosopid juliflora" and the most abundant undergrowth is Memecylon umbellatum.

Threats

Major threats to the natural biodiversity and ecological balance of the sanctuary are: loss of habitat for waterbirds, soil and water salinisation by adjacent salt pans, spread of the invasive "Prosopis juliflora", cattle grazing and scarcity of fresh water. Sanctuary staff conduct programs to alleviate all these issues.

Visitor information

The sanctuary is open all year from 6 am to 5 pm. The best weather at the sanctuary is during November and December when the area is cooled by the Northeast monsoon and the grasslands are the most luxuriant. The best time for bird watching is from October to January and the best time for animal viewing is from March to August.

The sanctuary entrance and police checkpoint is located km to mi|5|abbr=yes south of Vedaranyam, km to mi|55|abbr=yes south of Nagapattinam and km to mi|380|abbr=yes south of Chennai. A km to mi|6|abbr=yes paved road leads from the checkpoint to the villages of Kodaikadu and Kodaikarai. Vehicles are prohibited in the core of the sanctuary. Forest Department guides are available, with prior request to the Wildlife Warden, to escort visitors for bird and wildlife watching in the core of the sanctuary.

There are several watchtowers accessible to the public that provide panoramic views of the sanctuary. They are located at:
* Ramar Padam, a popular pilgrimage destination. The watchtower here is near the road at the northwest corner of the sanctuary just inside the entrance at Ramam Padam.
* in the center of the sanctuary that may be reached with the aid of a guide.
* at the eastern end of the sanctuary that may be reached with the aid of a guide.
* in the birding area is a rickety steel tower about km to mi|num=.5|abbr=yes|spell=Commonwealth|precision=2|wiki=no west of the road near Muniappan Lake.
* at the constables post on Kodaikarai beach at the end of the road near the southwest corner of the sanctuary is a tall damaged watchtower that requires a police escort to climb. It is not in the sanctuary, but provides a good view of it.cite book
title = Point Calimere Wildlife & Bird Sanctuary - A RAMSAR Site
accessdate = 2008-09-16
author = Arauah A.D.
last =
first =
authorlink =
coauthors =
date = March 2005
publisher = Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Wildlife Warden
location = District Collectorate Campus 329, 3rd Floor, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu 611002 India
pages = pp. 180 illus. color]

The nearest railway station is Nagapattnam (km to mi|60|abbr=yes) and nearest airport is Tiruchirapalli (km to mi|150|abbr=yes). Lodging and restaurants are available at Vedaranyam. Lodging near the sanctuary is available at the Forest Department Rest House named Flamingo House (Poonarai illam), in Kodaikarai, with prior approval of the Wildlife Warden, District Collectorate Campus 329, 3rd Floor, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu: 611002, Tel: [phone], Email: [e-mail]

Notes