Moniliophthora perniciosa

Moniliophthora perniciosa
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Phylum:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Basidiomycetes
Subclass:	Agaricomycetidae
Order:	Agaricales
Family:	Marasmiaceae
Genus:	Moniliophthora
Species:	M. perniciosa
Binomial name
Moniliophthora perniciosa (Stahel) Aime & Phillips-Mora, (2005)
Synonyms
Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer, (1943) Crinipellis perniciosa var. perniciosa (Stahel) Singer, (1943) Marasmius perniciosus Stahel, (1915)

Moniliophthora perniciosa (previously Crinipellis perniciosa^[1]) is a fungus that causes "Witches' Broom Disease" (WBD) of the cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao). This pathogen is currently limited to South America, Panama and the Caribbean, and is perhaps one of the best-known cocoa diseases, thought to have co-evolved with cocoa in its centre of origin (first recorded in the Brazilian Amazon in 1785). In 1989, it was introduced to the cocoa producing state of Bahia of Brazil, where output diminished from 380,000 tonnes per annum to 90,000 tonnes in the late 1990s. Brazil went from being the world’s second largest cocoa producer to becoming a net importer. Unlike frosty pod rot, which is highly infectious but mostly destructive to pods, WBD can infect many sites on actively-growing trees, throughout the growing season, and in severe cases can cause tree death.

It exists in two characteristic phases: biotrophic (expanding and infecting) and saprotrophic (dying, and producing spores). The biotrophic stage, and what triggers its switch to a saprotrophic stage, are still not understood.

The spores of this fungus are spread by wind, but must land in water in order to germinate. As a consequence, it mainly spreads during rainy periods. Control is very difficult, and requires extensive work to remove. The most critical part of treatment (pruning of diseased material) can only be conducted during dry periods, or one risks spreading the disease further. Due to economics, most discarded brooms are usually left on the ground, leaving a risk of reinfection of trees the subsequent year. However, spraying the ground with a light coating of oil can prevent the spores from becoming airborne again.

External links

• Index Fungorum
• USDA ARS Fungal Database
• Moniliophthora perniciosa genome sequencing at Laboratory of Genomics and Expression

References

1. ^ Aime, M.C.; Phillips-Mora, W. (2005). "The causal agents of witches' broom and frosty pod rot of cacao (chocolate, Theobroma cacao) form a new lineage of Marasmiaceae". Mycologia 97: 1012–1022. doi:10.3852/mycologia.97.5.1012.