Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton

Infobox Person
name = Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton


image_size = 200px
caption =
birth_date = birth date|1803|5|25|mf=y
birth_place = London
death_date = death date and age|1873|1|18|1803|5|25|mf=y
death_place =
occupation = Novelist
Poet
Playwright
Politician
spouse =
parents =
children =

Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton (May 25, 1803–January 18, 1873) was an English novelist, poet, playwright, and politician. Lord Lytton was a florid, popular writer of his day, who coined such phrases as "the great unwashed", "pursuit of the almighty dollar", "the pen is mightier than the sword", and the infamous incipit "It was a dark and stormy night." Despite his popularity in his heyday, today his name is known as a byword for bad writing. San Jose State University’s annual Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest for bad writing is named after him.

He was the youngest son of General William Earle Bulwer of Heydon Hall and Wood Dalling, Norfolk and Elizabeth Barbara Lytton, daughter of Richard Warburton Lytton of Knebworth, Hertfordshire. He had two brothers, William Earle Lytton Bulwer (1799–1877) and (William) Henry Lytton Earle Bulwer (1801–1872), afterwards Lord Dalling.

Lord Lytton's original surname was Bulwer, the names 'Earle' and 'Lytton' were middle names. On 20th February 1844 he assumed the name and arms of Lytton by royal licence and his surname then became 'Bulwer-Lytton'. His widowed mother had done the same in 1811. His brothers were always simply surnamed 'Bulwer'.

Life

Lord Lytton's father died when he was four years old, after which his mother moved to London. A delicate and neurotic, but precocious, child, he was sent to various boarding schools, where he was always discontented until a Mr Wallington at Baling encouraged him to publish, at the age of fifteen, an immature work, "Ishmael and Other Poems".

In 1822 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, but moved shortly afterwards to Trinity Hall, and in 1825 won the Chancellor's Gold Medal for English verse. In the following year he took his B.A. degree and printed for private circulation a small volume of poems, "Weeds and Wild Flowers". He purchased a commission in the army, but sold it again without serving, and in August 1827 married, in opposition to his mother’s wishes, Rosina Doyle Wheeler (1802–1882). Upon their marriage, his mother withdrew his allowance, and he was forced to set to work seriously.

His writing and his efforts in the political arena took a toll upon his marriage to Rosina, and they were legally separated in 1836. Three years later, she published a novel called "Cheveley, or the Man of Honour", in which Lord Lytton (then still surnamed Bulwer) was bitterly caricatured. In June 1858, when her husband was standing as parliamentary candidate for Hertfordshire, she appeared at the hustings and indignantly denounced him. She was consequently placed under restraint as insane, but liberated a few weeks later. This was chronicled in her book "A Blighted Life". For years she continued her attacks upon her husband’s character; she would outlive him by nine years.

Lord Lytton was a member of the English Rosicrucian society, founded in 1867 by Robert Wentworth Little. Most of Lord Lytton's writings—such as the 1842 book "Zanoni"—can only be understood in light of this influence.

According to the Fulham Football Club, he once resided in the original Craven Cottage, today the site of their stadium.

Political career

Lord Lytton began his career as a follower of Jeremy Bentham. In 1831 he was elected member for St Ives in Cornwall, after which he was returned for Lincoln in 1832, and sat in Parliament for that city for nine years.

He spoke in favour of the Reform Bill, and took the leading part in securing the reduction, after vainly essaying the repeal, of the newspaper stamp duties.

His influence was perhaps most keenly felt when, on the Whigs’ dismissal from office in 1834, he issued a pamphlet entitled "A Letter to a Late Cabinet Minister on the Crisis". Lord Melbourne, then Prime Minister, offered him a lordship of the admiralty, which he declined as likely to interfere with his activity as an author.

In 1838, then at the height of his popularity, he was created a baronet, and on succeeding to the Knebworth estate in 1843 added Lytton to his surname, under the terms of his mother’s will. In 1845, he left Parliament and spent some years in continental travel, reentering the political field in 1852; this time, having differed from the policy of Lord John Russell over the Corn Laws, he stood for Hertfordshire as a Conservative. Lord Lytton held that seat until 1866, when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Lytton. In 1858 he entered Lord Derby’s government as Secretary of State for the Colonies, thus serving alongside his old friend Disraeli. In the House of Lords he was comparatively inactive.

He took a proprietary interest in the development of the Crown Colony of British Columbia and wrote with great passion to the Royal Engineers upon assigning them their duties there. The former HBC Fort Dallas at Camchin, the confluence of the Thompson and Fraser Rivers, was renamed in his honour by Governor Sir James Douglas in 1858 as Lytton, British Columbia. [cite news |author= The Canadian Press|title= Toff and prof to duke it out in literary slugfest|url= http://www.cbc.ca/arts/books/story/2008/08/17/writing-bad.html|publisher= CBC News|date= 2008-08-17|accessdate= 2008-08-18]

Literary career

Lord Lytton's literary career began in 1820, with the publication of his first book of poems, and spanned much of the nineteenth century. He wrote in a variety of genres, including historical fiction, mystery, romance, the occult, and science fiction.

In 1828 he attracted general attention with "Pelham", a humorous, intimate study of the dandyism of the age which kept gossips busy in identifying characters with public figures of the time. A highly melodramatic sub-plot is interwoven. By 1833, he had reached the height of his popularity with "Godolphin", followed by "The Pilgrims of the Rhine" (1834), "The Last Days of Pompeii" (1834), "Rienzi" (1835), and "Harold: Last of the Saxon Kings" (1848). "The Last Days of Pompeii" was inspired by the painting on the same subject by Russian painter Karl Briullov (Carlo Brullo) which Bulwer-Lytton saw in Milan. He also wrote "The Haunted and the Haunters" (1857), also known as "The House and the Brain", included by Isaac Asimov in his anthology "Tales of the Occult" (1989, ed. Prometheus, ISBN 0-87975-531-8).

Pelham had been partly inspired by Benjamin Disraeli’s first novel "Vivian Grey". Lord Lytton was an admirer of Benjamin’s father Isaac D’Israeli, himself a noted literary figure, and had corresponded with him. Lord Lytton and D'Israeli began corresponding themselves in the late 1820s, and met for the first time in March of 1830, when D'Israeli dined at Lord Lytton’s house. Also present that evening were Charles Pelham Villiers and Alexander Cockburn. Although young at the time, Villiers went on to an exceptionally long parliamentary career, while Cockburn became Lord Chief Justice of England in 1859.

He penned many other works, including "The Coming Race" (also reprinted as ""), which drew heavily on his interest in the occult and contributed to the birth of the science fiction genre. Some believe the book helped to inspire Nazi mysticism, and it has contributed to Hollow Earth theory. Unquestionably, its story of a subterranean race of men waiting to reclaim the surface is one of the first science fiction novels. His play, "Money", was produced at Prince of Wales's Theatre in 1872.

Legacy

Although he was popular in his day, Lord Lytton’s prose strikes many contemporary readers as anachronistic and overly embellished, though at least one of his works ("The Last Days of Pompeii") is still regularly read.

His name lives on in the annual Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest, in which contestants have to supply terrible openings of imaginary novels, inspired by his novel "Paul Clifford", which opens with the famous words:

“It was a dark and stormy night”

or to give the sentence in its full glory:

“It was a dark and stormy night; the rain fell in torrents—except at occasional intervals, when it was checked by a violent gust of wind which swept up the streets (for it is in London that our scene lies), rattling along the housetops, and fiercely agitating the scanty flame of the lamps that struggled against the darkness.”

Entrants in the contest seek to capture the rapid changes in point of view, the florid language, and the atmosphere of the full sentence.

The shorter form of the opening sentence was popularized by the "Peanuts" comic strip, in which it usually began Snoopy's sessions with the typewriter. It is also the first sentence of Madeleine L'Engle’s Newbery Medal–winning novel "A Wrinkle in Time."

Lord Lytton’s most famous quotation is "the pen is mightier than the sword", although in the original piece the phrase is led with the phrase "beneath the rule of men entirely great", in the play "Richelieu". He also gave the world the memorable phrase “pursuit of the almighty dollar”. Finally, he is widely credited for "the great unwashed". Unfortunately, many citations claim "The Last Days of Pompeii" as their source, but perusal of the original work indicates that this is not the case. However, the term "the Unwashed" with the same meaning, appears in "The Parisians"—"He says that Paris has grown so dirty since the 4 September, that it is only fit for the feet of the Unwashed."

Several of his novels were made into operas, one of which ("Rienzi", by Richard Wagner) eventually became considerably more famous than the novel on which it was based. "Leonora" by William Henry Fry, the first opera composed in the United States of America, is from Lord Lytton's novel "The Lady of Lyons".

In 1831 Lord Lytton undertook the editorship of the "New Monthly" but resigned the following year. In 1841, he started the "Monthly Chronicle", a semi-scientific magazine. During his career he wrote poetry, prose, and stage plays; his last novel was "Kenelm Chillingly", which was in course of publication in "Blackwood’s Magazine" at the time of his death in 1873.

His works of fiction and non-fiction were translated in his day and since then into many languages, including German, Norwegian, Swedish, French, Finnish, and Spanish. His book 'Ernest Maltravers' was the first complete novel from the west to be translated into Japanese in [1878] .

Children

He and Rosina Doyle Wheeler had two children:

*Lady Emily Elizabeth Bulwer-Lytton (17 June, 1828–29 April, 1848).
*(Edward) Robert Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton (8 November, 1831–24 November, 1891). Viceroy of British India from 1876 to 1880.

Other

Lord Lytton is buried in Westminster Abbey. [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/history-research/monuments-gravestones/people/32932] ]

After his death, the incomplete work of history, "Athens: Its Rise and Fall" was published.

Works by Edward Bulwer-Lytton

Novels

* "Pelham" (1828)
* "The Disowned" (1829)
* "Devereux" (1829)
* "Paul Clifford" (1830)
* "Eugene Aram" (1832)
* "Godolphin" (1833)
* "Falkland" (1834)
* "The Last Days of Pompeii" (1834)
* "Rienzi" (1835)
* "The Student" (1835)
* "Ernest Maltravers" (1837)
* "Alice" (1838)
* "Night and Morning" (1841)
* "Zanoni" (1842)
* "The Last of the Barons" (1843)
* "Lucretia" (1846)
* "Harold, or The Last of the Saxon Kings" (1848)
* "The Caxtons" (1849)
* "My Novel" (1853)
* "What Will He Do With It?" (1859)
* "A Strange Story" (1862)
* "The Coming Race" (1871)
* "Kennelm Chillingly" (1873)

Plays

* "The Lady of Lyons" (1838)
* "Richelieu" (1839)
* "Money" (1840)

ee also

* Hollow earth theory

References

Further reading

* Christensen, Allan Conrad. "Edward Bulwer-Lytton: The Fiction of New Regions", Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press, 1976. ISBN 0820303879.
* Christensen, Allan Conrad, ed. "The Subverting Vision of Bulwer Lytton: Bicentenary Reflections", Newark, Delaware: The University of Delaware Press, 2004. ISBN 0874138566.
* Escott, T. H. S. "Edward Bulwer, First Baron Lytton of Knebworth; a Social, Personal, and Political Monograph". London: George Routledge & Sons, 1910.
* Mitchell, L. G. "Bulwer Lytton: The Rise and Fall of a Victorian Man of Letters". London; New York: Hambledon and London: Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. ISBN 1852854235.

External links

Sources
*
* [http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3AEdward%20Bulwer%20Lytton%20-contributor%3Agutenberg%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts Works by Edward Bulwer-Lytton] at Internet ArchiveOther
* [http://www.lang.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~matsuoka/Bulwer-Lytton.html Edward George Earl Bulwer-Lytton (1803–73)]
* [http://reverent.org/bulwer-dickens.html Dickens or Bulwer?] A quiz to tell the difference between their prose.
* [http://www.mith.demon.co.uk/Bulwer.htm John S. Moore's essay on Bulwer-Lytton]

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