RAF Calshot

RAF Calshot was initially a seaplane and flying boat station, and latterly an RAF marine craft maintenance and training unit. It was located at the end of Calshot Spit in Southampton Water, Hampshire, England, at gbmapping|SU487024. It was the main seaplane/flying boat development and training unit in the UK, with the landing area sheltered by the mainland, to the west, north and east, and the Isle of Wight, a few miles away to the south on the other side of the Solent. It closed in 1961.

Origins

The station was originally established on 29 March 1913 by the Royal Flying Corps (RFC),cite web
url=http://www.rafweb.org/Stations/Stations-C.htm
title=RAF Calshot - Air of Authority, A History of RAF Organisation] as the Calshot Naval Air Station, for the purpose of testing seaplanes for the RFC Naval wing.cite web
url=http://daveg4otu.tripod.com/airfields/cal.html
title=Hampshire Airfields
publisher=daveg4otu.tripod.com] The station was taken over by the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) during the First World War [ [http://www.fleetairarmarchive.net/History/Index.htm Naval Aviation History & FAA Origins - Fleet Air Arm Archive.] ] and finally became a Royal Air Force station on the merger of the RNAS and the RFC on 1 April 1918.

* For more detailed pre-RAF history see RNAS Calshot.

1918 to 1939

On the formation of the RAF, Calshot retained the two RNAS flights of Felixstowe flying boats and the flight of seaplanes, and for a short while the station became the headquarters of No. 10 Group RAF. After the war, Calshot continued its crew training and aircraft development role, and became home to the "RAF School of Naval Co-operation and Aerial Navigation". The station was officially renamed as RAF Base Calshot on 5 February 1922. During this time, Calshot also housed a reconnaissance flight (with Felixstowe flying boats),cite web
url=http://www.winkton.net/fonfa%20pages/THE%20AIRFIELDS.htm
title=A Brief History of the New Forest Airfields
publisher=Friends of the New Forest Airfields] and a large part of the unit was designated for the training of motorboat crews and other marine craft; the boats mainly used for towing disabled aircraft, collecting bombs from practice runs, and for towing gunnery target boats.cite web
url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/history_old/sar601.html
title=The origins of Air/Sea Rescue
publisher=Royal Air Force History]

On March 24, 1924, three serving members of the RAF took off from Calshot in a Vickers Vulture amphibious bi-plane on a planned round-the-world flight. The flight was beset by bad weather and several mishaps, including a crash in Akyab Harbour, Burma (requiring a replacement aircraft); and eventually a forced sea landing near Bering Island ended the attempt. [cite web
url=http://www.wingnet.org/rtw/rtw001c.htm
title=MacLaren/Plenderieith Round-the-World Flight Attempt
publisher=WingNet]

Calshot also became home for the "High Speed Flight" as it prepared for the Schneider Trophy competitions in 1927, 1929 and finally 1931. The 1927 competition was held in Venice and won for Britain by the Calshot team in a Supermarine S.5, giving Britain the right to host the race in 1929. Calshot was chosen as the venue and an updated S.5 aircraft covered the seven laps at an average speed of 328.63mph to take the prize.cite web
url=http://www.southernlife.org.uk/calshot.htm
title=The history of the villages of Hampshire, England, and surrounding counties
publisher=Southern Life (UK)] Two years later, again at Calshot, a Supermarine S.6B won the race for Britain for the third time in a row to retain the Trophy outright.cite web
url=http://website.lineone.net/~forestguide/History/AirfieldsFrameSet.htm
title=The New Forest Guide - Airfields of The New Forest
author=Jon Honeysett]

"Aircraftsman Shaw", also known as T. E. Lawrence, or Lawrence of Arabia, was detached to Calshot to help with the 1929 Schneider races. He was seconded to the nearby British Power Boat Company factory at Hythe, and worked closely with the owner, Hubert Scott-Paine, in the development of the 200 Class Seaplane Tender, a 37½ foot vessel capable of 27 knots. Deliveries commenced in 1932, and at the time it was claimed to be the fastest craft of their size in the world.

Through the 1930s, Calshot continued its development and training role, and included:
* Navigation School (until 6 Jan,1936),

* 201 Sqn - re-formed on 1 Jan,1929 with Supermarine Southampton flying boats, and later with Saro Londons, [cite web
url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/structure/201squadron.cfm
title=RAF Structure > Squadrons > Maritime Patrol and Search and Rescue > 201 Squadron]

* Seaplane Training Sqn (STC) - re-formed on 1 Oct,1931,

* 240 Sqn - re-formed on 30 Mar,1937 from C Flight of the STC, initially equipped with Supermarine Scapas, then Short Singapores, and (by July 1939) with Saro Londons,cite web
url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/history_old/h240.html
title=History of No. 240 Squadron - Royal Air Force History]

* Flying Boat Training Sqn - re-formed on 2 Jan,1939.

World War II

Just before the outbreak of World War II, the two operational squadrons left Calshot: 201 Sqn to Pembroke Dock and 240 Sqn to Invergordon. Later, in June 1940, the Flying Boat Training Squadron moved away to Stranraer and Calshot became primarily responsible for the repair, maintenance and modification of RAF flying boats, concentrating on the maintenance of Short Sunderlands. The station also continued to provide marine craft maintenance, and to train boat crews.

Calshot sent five seaplane tenders to help in the evacuation at Dunkirk on 31 May 1940 and three of these tenders carried 500 men to safety, with one of them making a successful second voyage. Also in 1940, a small number of ex Norwegian Heinkel He 115 flying boats arrived - later to be used for covert operations, landing and collecting agents from occupied Europe.

From May 1942, the station was home to a number of air-sea rescue (ASR) units, and ASR launches from Calshot took part in the D-Day landings, being positioned off the beach in readiness to rescue downed aircrew as quickly as possible.

1946 to 1961

Operational squadrons returned to Calshot in March 1946, when No 201 Squadron arrived, to be followed a month later by No 230 Squadron, both equipped with Sunderlands. During the Berlin crisis of 1948, all the Sunderland aircraft from Calshot were called into action and flew over 1,000 sorties to the Berlin lakes from Hamburg carrying food into the city and evacuating sick children.cite web
url=http://www.hants.gov.uk/scrmxn/c27723.html
title=Report on Calshot Heritage and Visitor Centre
date=18 June 1998
publisher=Hampshire County Council] On their return from Berlin, both squadrons were transferred to Pembroke.

After this, although some flying continued, the station was primarily a marine craft station, providing ASR, target-towing and range safety launches, and also included No 238 Maintenance Unit, responsible for the servicing of all RAF marine craft.

Two unfinished Saunders-Roe Princess flying boats, designed to carry 100 passengers and have a range of 5000 miles, were cocooned at RAF Calshot near the island hanger, during the 1950s and 1960s, before being scrapped.

On 1 April 1961, the RAF base finally closed.

Post-RAF

In 1964, Hampshire County Council negotiated a lease with the Crown Estates to use the site as an Activities Centre. The first course - a sailing one for Hampshire children - commenced on 18 May 1964.

On 25 July 1970 the RNLI sent the Nelson class "Ernest William and Elizabeth Ellen Hinde" lifeboat to Calshot for evaluation, and in 1971 a permanent station was established.cite web
url=http://rnli.org.uk/rnli_near_you/east/stations/CalshotHants/history
title=Calshot History
publisher=RNLI]

In 1981, a Short Sandringham flying boat, called 'The Southern Cross', landed at Calshot after an epic journey across the Atlantic Ocean. This plane is now housed in the Hall of Aviation, in Southampton. The last flying Sunderland, 'Excalibur', came ashore at Calshot in 1984. After an extensive refit, it was flown to Florida in 1994 to join the extensive collection of Kermit Weeks.

The site is now used as a base for the RNLI and for HM Coastguard, as well as for the Calshot Activities Centre, which runs courses in a number of water and land-based activities, and uses the original hangars to house indoor climbing walls, artificial ski slopes and a cycle track.

Trivia

* Late in life, Henry Royce signed the visitors' book at RAF Calshot as "F. H. Royce - Mechanic"cite web
url=http://www.royce.org.au/fhr_bio.html
title=Sir Henry Royce, Bart., O.B.E. (1863-1933) biography]

References

ee also

* List of seaplanes and flying boats - United Kingdom
* Seaplane bases in the United Kingdom

External links

* cite web
url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/13/a4052413.shtml
title=Memories of RAF Calshot - WW2 People's War
publisher=BBC