Nemesis at Potsdam

Nemesis at Potsdam is a 1977 book by the American lawyer and historian Alfred-Maurice de Zayas.

The title is drawn from Greek mythology; Nemesis is the Greek goddess of revenge. The implication is that at the Potsdam Conference (17 July to 2 August 1945) the victorious Allies of World War II took revenge on the Germans, entailing significant territorial losses in Eastern Europe and the forced transfer of some 15 million Germans from their homelands in East Prussia, Pomerania, Silesia, East Brandenburg, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Yugoslavia.

The book is the first scholarly study in the English language concerning the expulsion of Germans after World War II.^[1] It effectively broke a taboo in the English-speaking world, and also in Germany and Austria, thus facilitating subsequent research in the subject by other scholars. The book was dedicated to Victor Gollancz, whose seminal book Our Threatened Values had inspired the author when he was a student at Harvard. In chapter VI of the book de Zayas cites Gollancz' clear condemnation of the expulsions: "If the conscience of mankind ever again becomes sensitive, these expulsions will be remembered to the undying shame of all who committed or connived at them…The Germans were expelled, not just with an absence of over-nice consideration, but with the very maximum of brutality. (Our Threatened Values, p. 96). On the basis of US and British archival documents, de Zayas shows that the Western Allies were genuinely appalled at the manner in which the Germans were being expelled and that they lodged diplomatic protest notes in Warsaw and Prague -- to no avail.

contents

• Chapter I. The Principle of Populations Transfers
• Chapter II. The Germans of Czechoslovakia
• Chapter III. The Genesis of the Oder-Neisse Line: The Conferences of Tehran and Yalta
• Chapter IV. The Flight: Prelude to the Expulsions
• Chapter V. Anglo-American Plan of Limited Transfers
• Chapter VI. "Orderly and Humane" Transfers
• Chapter VII. From Morgenthau-Plan to Marshall-Plan
• Chapter VIII. Peace without a Peace Treaty
• Chapter IX. Recognition or Revision of the Oder-Neisse Line
• Chapter X. Towards The Future: The Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe- The Berlin question and detente - The German expellees today - Anglo-American attitudes

Publishing history

The book was first published by Routledge & K. Paul in 1977 with the title Nemesis at Potsdam : the Anglo-Americans and the expulsion of the Germans : background, execution, consequences.^[2] It contained a preface by US Ambassador Robert Murphy, a participant at the Potsdam Conference and former political advisor of General Dwight D. Eisenhower during World War II and of General Lucius Clay during the American military government in Germany. Routledge published a 2nd edition in 1979. The third edition, published by University of Nebraska Press in 1989, the title Nemesis at Potsdam : the expulsion of the Germans from the East was published in 1979 by the University of Nebraska Press.^[3] A 1998 edition was published by Picton Press, Rockland, Maine, 2003 296 pp. ISBN 0-89725-360-4.^[4]

The book is a revised version of a doctoral dissertation for the History Faculty of the University of Göttingen in Germany. Although a scholarly book with 761 endnotes and 47 pages of bibliography: archives, interviews and secondary sources, the book quickly became a best seller. It received praise in the American Journal of International Law, the American Historical Review,Foreign Affairs, the Times Educational Supplement, British Book News etc. However, some historians have criticized the book contending that de Zayas had not given enough space to the Nazi crimes, that he relied too much on the stories of the German victims and their political representatives, that he is too legalistic in his analysis of the Potsdam conference, and because of the tone of the "moral outrage" expressed by the author. (Lothar Kettenacker in the "Historische Zeitschrift", John Campbell, Detleff Brandes, and in the Polish and Czech Press: O III Rzeszy coraz sympatyczniej, Trybuna Ludu 30.VII.1980, Nr. 179.)

An enlarged German edition, with previously unpublished photographs from the United States Army Signal Corps, facsimiles of documents from the National Archives, Public Record Office, Federal Swiss Archives in Bern, and Bundesarchiv-Koblenz, was published in October 1977 by C.H. Beck in Munich, and had several editions. , published under the title Die Nemesis von Potsdam. ISBN 3-7766-2454-X. The Herbig edition was positively reviewed in Die Presse (Vienna) and the Neue Zürcher Zeitung.

Reviews

academic

There were reviews:

• by Tony Howarth in the Times Educational Supplement: "His is a lucid, scholarly and compassionate study. Most pertinently he insists that we deny what the lesser histories conspire with us to invent - that there are stopping places in history." 22 April 1977, p. 495.^{[citation needed]}
• by US Nuremberg Prosecutor Benjamin Ferencz in the American Journal of International Law: "The author, effectively using maps and photographs, traces the history of the expellees. Aided by Marshall Plan funds the millions of displaced persons, still longing for their homelands, recognized the futility of resort to force and turned to hard work to rebuild their lives by absorption in a democratic and peaceful society. The Helsinki Conference of 1975 in effect acknowledged that the provisional Oder-Neisse demarcation line implied de facto annexation. The lesson from this well organized and moving historical record is not merely that retribution which penalizes innocent human beings becomes injustice, but that acceptance of political realities may be a better road to human fulfillment than the path of violence Alfred de Zayas has written a persuasive commendatry on the suffering which becomes inevitable when humanitarianism is subordinated to nationalism." Vol. 72, October 1978, p. 960.
• by A.K. Damodaran in International Studies: "An excellent piece of historical research", 1991, volume 28, Number 3, pages 348-51.
• by Alfred Connor Bowman in the American Bar Association Journal, December 1977, p. 1752-54.: "The book serves a useful purpose in its careful recapitulation in time sequence of the significant series of historic events that were the aftermath of World War II. For example, it shakes one a bit, but is good for the soul, to be reminded that, although treaties of peace were signed soon after the end of hostilities with Italy, Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary, there has been no treaty with either Germany. ..especially for lawyers with a historical bent, it will be rewarding reading."
• by Frederick Dumin, Washington State University, in German Studies Review, October. 1979, pp. 401–2.: "When read carefully, this book will be of considerable value to students, interested laymen, and general historians. The rather extensive bibliography is also worthy of note. With increasing concern over human rights, past and present, surely this horrible episode will receive growing attention. Recognizing realities, one cannot see how these injustices can be rectified, since those who committed them have made no effort to even recognize them. One can only hope that two wrongs have taught enough lessons to prevent a third. The historian, however, is bound to deal with these events in the same manner as he deals with earlier crimes against humanity."
• by James H. Wolfe in Southern Review, 420-421: "Beginning with an historical overview of population transfers, the author examines in detail the diplomatic environment of World War II in which the decisions to alter frontiers and transplant populations were made. The Potsdam Conference occupies a key position in his analysis, since on this occasion the United States and Great Britain sanctioned the expulsions. Turning to the study of the human consequences of these forced migrations, de Zayas has frequently relied on interviews, such as that with Robert Murphy, the wartime political adviser of General Eisenhower, and on previously untapped archival resources. The fresh insigts of the chapters on Allied military governance and the division of Germany in the immediate postwar period make this work essential reading for students of European international relations." , .
• by Carl G. Anthon in the American Historical Review, December 1978, p. 1289, (reviewing the German version, Die Anglo-Amerikaner und die Vertreibung der Deutschen, De Zayas writes with sympathy for the refugees and moral indignation over what he, as an international lawyer, concludes was another crime against humanity, but he strives to show how Allied decisions regarding postwar Germany were the product of many factors, such as horror over Nazi atrocities, the passions of war and victory, and considerable ignorance on the part of Anglo-American leaders regarding the actual state of affairs in Central and Eastern Europe". American Historical Review, reviewing the German version "
• by Juergen Doerr in Dalhousie Review, 1977, Vol. 15, no.4,: "De Zayas does not ignore the enormity of the crimes committed by Germans during the course of the war, nor does he deny that an anti-German feeling was natural and that punishment was justified, He does, however, question whether one set of crimes justified a second... whether revenge ... was not only extended to the guilty but to the innocent, whether expulsion itself was a crime ...While critical of western leadership, de Zayas leaves no doubt about the agents of the crime-- the Soviet leaders. The recent works of A. Solzhenitsyn and Lev Kopelev give further credence to the thesis that Soviet retributive actions were often not spontaneous but were planned ...Praised must be de Zayas's reopening of this largely neglected aspect of modern German history through this brief but well-written account." vol. 57, No. 3, Autumn 1977, pp. 582–584.

by Henry Lane Hull in the Ukrainian Quarterly, Vol. XXXVII, No. 2, p. 181. : "The basic thrust of Professor de Zayas' analysis centers on the ineptitude of the Allied leaders before the demands of Marshal Stalin and his successors. As the late Robert Murphy noted in the Foreword, Stalin's unsympathetic disregard of the rights of the individual Germans affected by population transfers is understandable in the context of Soviet hatred of the Nazi war machine. What is not understandable, however, is why Britain and the United States failed to see the injustice visited upon millions .... the bibliography is excellent and four folios of photographs graphically supplement the text. Substantially, organizationally and stylistically, this book is an outstanding historiographical achievement".

• by LaVern Rippley in Die Unterrichtspraxis Vol. 11, No. 2, 1978, pp. 132–13: "Profusely illustrated with photographs, documents and excellent maps, this book analyzes the origin and the effects of article XIII of the Potsdam Protocol which provided that ethnic Germans living in the eastern countries would be transferred to the truncated remains of the Reich 'in an orderly and humane manner'. As the 16 million Germans were driven westward, some two million died, but the world remained silent. Outraged by the crimes Nazis had perpetrated ...the whole world, with a few exceptions, like Bertrand Russell and Albert Schweizer, remained mum.... de Zayas is perhaps best when delineating the legal aspects of the Potsdam action, although his historical facts are equally impeccable....Due to the willingness of the press and the scholarly community in the West to ignore these facts of the Potsdam accord, few Americans or Britons know there ever was an expulsion, let alone authorization of the compulsory transfer. Questioning rhetorically whether the wrong could ever be righted, de Zayas maintains that the West could affirm its regard for individual guilt or innocence and reject the concept of collective guilt." 3.

General

English

• by Craig Whitney in the New York Times, 13 February 1977, and in the International Herald Tribune 17 February 1977 : "A young legal scholar from New York, Alfred de Zayas, has written a book on a subject long taboo and ignored by German writers -- the brutal expulsion of 16 million Germans from their homelands in Central and Eastern Europe after the Red Army moved in... Mr. de Zayas, who is 29 years old and has a fellowship at the University of Göttingen emphasized: ... 'I had taken a number of courses in history at Fordham and Harvard and this was just never mentioned. I don't think people outside Germany know much about it.' Truman, Churchill and Stalin agreed at Potsdam in 1945 that the German populations of Eastern Europe should undergo 'transfer to Germany' but 'in an orderly and humane manner'. The de Zayas book makes clear that the last provision was not fulfilled."
• by Christoph Kimmich in Foreign Affairs, July 1977, Volume 55, Number 4: "An account of British and American acquiescence in the brutal expulsion of millions of Germans from their homes in East-Central Europe at the end of World War II. The author ... makes much of the legal (and moral) implications of the issue while understating its historical complexities." .
• David Steeds in British Book News: "Mr de Zayas... is surely right to dwell on their miseries and on the double standards of the victors. Some of them, after all, professed to believe in the principles of the Atlantic Charter. The book should cause argument and controversy; it deserves a wide readership."
• David Mutch in the Christian Science Monitor, 25 March 1977, p. 17. : "Mr. de Zayas is a lawyer, and is clearly opposed to mass population transfers on moral, legal and historical grounds...He argues that overreaction to the evils of the Nazis led to the principle of collective German guilt, a theory that does not protect the innocent and which ruled the thoughts and actions of many responsible British and American officials when they agreed to the expulsion demands of Stalin. Only later did they realize the inherent inhumanity of the results of their lack of perception...his short but heavily documented book (with 40 pages of notes, a long bibliography, interviews with persons involved, and a long research into unpublished U.S., British and German Documents) fills a gap."
• Norman Lederer in Worldview July/August 1978, pp. 54–55.: "De Zayas painstakingly details the manner in which Eastern European emigré governments during World War II prepared the way for Allied approval of the mass expulsion of Germans following the conflict. Their distortions of fact had a decided effect on the thinking of many Western leades. Ironically, it was Winston Churchell, the nemesis depicted in Goebbels' propagnada to the German people, who foresaw most clearly the immense human tragedy that would result from the mass expulsions and who tried to curb the Eastern European countries' desire for territorial expansion at the expense of the German state. The Russian invasion of East Prussia aided the Eastern European leaderrs in getting their way. Hundreds of thousands of German civilians hurried west before the terrifying apparition of the shockingly undisciplined soviet army. Eastern leaders stated that this exodus had cleared out all the Germans, conveniently ignoring the fact tha misslions remained. These millions were abruptly ousted once formal conflict had ended ... [The book] is an important work on an enormously important but little known aspect of World War II"
• William Guttmann in the Observer: "The author traces the genesis of the relevant territorial arrangements and ensuing population transfers and then gives a well-documented and horrifying account of the exodus, the sufferings and deaths of millions, the ruthlessness of the new masters -- a travesty of the 'orderly and humane' fashion in which the measures were supposed to be carried out."^{[citation needed]}

German

• Dr.Patrick Sutter in the Neuen Zürcher Zeitung, 23. February 2006, page 9^[5] (reviewing the 14th revised edition of 2005): "Die Vertreibung der Deutschen nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg als logische Konsequenz der Hitlerschen Verbrechen zu bezeichnen 'kann nicht befriedigen, wenn man die Komplexität der Gründe und des Geschehens um die Vertreibung der Deutschen verstehen will. Man muss das Eigengewicht der Ziele der Gegenmächte in Ost wie in West mit einbeziehen.' Dies unternimmt inzwischen in der 14. deutschsprachigen Auflage der Amerikaner Alfred de Zayas, der während mehr als zwei Jahrzehnten in leitender Stellung in UNO-Menschenrechtsgremien tätig war. Dass er sich seit der Erstfassung (1977) an der Rechtsstellung von Individuen orientiert und Vorstellungen einer Aufrechtung kollektiver Schuld eine Absage erteilt, macht die Stärke des Buches aus. Denn er ist nicht nur promovierter Historiker, sondern auch promovierter Jurist. Das Völkerrecht verbietet bekanntlich Kollektivstrafen.

In minuziöser Quellenbarbeit zeigt de Zayas, dass in Polen und der Tschechoslowakei schon lange vor dem Krieg die Absicht gehegt wurde, die dort wohnhaften Deutschen aus ihrer rund 700-jährigen Heimat zu vertreiben. Beide Staaten missachteten ihre völkerrechtlichen Verpflichtungen zum Schutz der Minderheiten. Der von de Zayas als Rassist demaskierte Benes verstand es dann ab den früher 1940er Jahren, den späteren Siegermächten die Politik der Vertreibung der Deutschen als Preis für Frieden und Stabilität zu verkaufen. Die Ostmächte wussten dieses Programm in den Verhandlungen über die Nachkriegsordnung (vor allem in Potsdam) gegenüber den Westmächten geschickt durchzusetzen. Letztere begnügten sich mit der Forderung nach einem 'humanen' Vorgehen. Auf diese 'humane' Weise wurden 15 Milllionen Deutsche vertrieben, wobei 2 Millionen - grösstenteils an Hunger - starben. Das Elend der Flüchtlinge betraf ja vor allem Frauen, Kinder, Alte und Kranke. Der Völkerrechtler Felix Ermacora qualifiziert diese Vertreibungen als Genozid. Man verharmlost die Verbrechen der Nazis kein bisschen, wenn man nicht akzeptieren will, dass sie dazu dienen sollten, Völkerrechtsverbrechen zu legitimieren, die zudem bis heute grösstenteils weder moralisch anerkannt noch juristisch aufgearbeitet sind. De Zayas erkennt darin einen Präzedenzfall für spätere Vertreibungen in Palästina, Zypern, Bosnien oder Kosovo. Sein engagiertes Wirken gegen solche 'Kriegsstrategien' hat bedeutenden Anteil daran, dass sich das Recht auf die Heimat in den letzten Jahren als fundamentales Menschenrecht etablieren konnte."

• Die Presse Wien, 23 Januar 2006, Seite 30. : "In nüchternen Zahlen listet Alfred de Zayas, US-Anwalt und ehemaliger Sekretär des UNO-Menschenrechtsausschusses, auf: 600,000 Deutsche sind durch Gewalt bzw. Vertreibungsverbrechen (Vergewaltigung, Mord) umgekommen; weitere 1.5 Millionen sind in Internierungslagern, bei den Flüchtlingsmärschen und nach der Ankunft im Westen an Kälte, Erschöpfung, Krankheit, Hunger, verstorben....Wer sich den Prinzipien der Humanität verpflichtet fühlt, muss sich allen Ungerechtigkeiten stellen."
• SÜDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG Vom tiefem Ernst und bohrender Gründlichkeit".
• DIE ZEIT "...in der Beweisführung von bestechender Präzision...Kein amerikanischer Autor hat bisher die historischen Folgen so umfassend und klar analysiert".
• Die Welt"Ein äußerst bemerkenswertes Buch".
• ARD-Report "... das wichtigste Buch über die Vertreibung der Deutschen".
• WDR, "Ihm geht es allein darum, bewusst zu machen, was an Unmenschlichkeiten geschehen ist, und eine Wiederholung des Unrechts der Vertreibung für alle Völker dieser Erde vermeiden zu helfen".
• Deutsche Welle "Alfred de Zayas schreibt nüchtern, im Stil jener jungen amerikanischen Historiker-Generation, die nicht davor zurückschreckt, mögliche Fehler der US-Administration im Umgang mit Moskau aufzuzeichnen".
• NDR "Diese Dokumentation zeichnet sich durch Sachlichkeit, Objektivität und umfangreiches Quellenmaterial aus".
• Gotthold Rhode in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 21 Februar 1978, Seite 21 " .: "Was ist das Besondere und Bemerkenswerte an diesem Buch? In erster Linie wohl die Tatsache, dass hier von einem unbefangegnen und sichtbar engagierten Amerikaner die Mitverantwortung der angloamerikanischen Politik an einer der großen Katastrophen der Nachkriegsjahre festgehalten wird - nicht im anklaegerischen Ton des Moralisten sondern in dem der verfolgten Unschuld, sondern mit nuechterner Sachlichkeit. ...In zweiter Linie ist bedeutsam, dass bekannte Schilderungen der Unmenschlichkeit der Vertreibung, die hier nochmals eindrucksvoll zusammengestellt werden, durch Berichte amerikanischer Gesandter aus Prag und Warschau ergaenzt und bestaetigt werden"
• Sender Freies Berlin "De Zayas hat mit groeßter Sorgfalt die Akten studiert und Zeugen der Zeit auf alliierter wie auf deutscher Seite befragt. Sein Buch ist wissenschaftlich sachlich, unparteilich, aber doch deutlich gepraegt von einem Sinn fuer Fairness und Gerechtigkeit".

French

• Journal du Droit International, Avril-Mai-Juin, 1977, p. 541-542. "Le livre de Dr. de Zayas se fonde sur une étude très approfondie des sources, notamment anglaises et americaines, ainsi que sur des interviews de l'auteur. Le livre donne une analyse très claire de la politique des puissances occidentales."
• Revue générale de Droit International Public, tome 81/1977/2, p. 597. "La plupart des historiens de la 2e guerre mondiale négligent l'episode à beaucoup d'égards peu honorable que fut le déplacement forcé de quelque 16 millions d'Allemands de leurs foyers de Prusse orientale, de Poméranie, de Posnanie, de Silésie et du territorie des Sudètes décidé à Potsdam en août 1945 -- transfert dont 2 millions d'individus ne devraient pas revenir. Cette migration obligatoire était-elle nécessaire à la paix d'Europe? porquoi les Etats-Unis et la Grande-Bretagne ont-ils permis cette expulsion massive? celle-ci était-elle compatible avec les principles de la Charte de l'Atlantique? Telles sont quelques-unes des questions auxquelles M. de Zayas s'efforce de répondre dans cet ouvrage auquel l'auteur songeait dès 1969 et qu'il ne devait entreprendre que beaucoup plus tard, après deux séjours en Allemagne, encouragé dans son projet par ses anciens maîtres de Harvard, les professeurs Baxter et Hunt. L'ouvrage est édifiant et sera pour beaucoup une révelation. M. de Zayas n'est pas tendre pour les Alliées, qui ont fermé les yeux sur 'l'une des entreprises les plus inhumaines de l'histoire de la civilisation occidentale', la responsabilité des démocraties anglo-saxonnes étant à cet égard primordiale."
• On Tuesday 14 June 1977 the BBC French Language Service from London broadcast a 13-minute review:

"...la loi du plus fort - ce qui réduit nos principles à néant - et supprime plus de la moitié de la valeur de notre propaganda de guerre! En outre, cet 'oeil pour oeil, dent pour dent' est un peu simpliste. Les protestations justifiées que les atrocités allemandes en pays occupés avaient provoquées, alors que ous n'étions pas - temporairement - le splus forsts, perdaient de leur valeur morale si nous nous abaissions à notre tour aux tratements barbares ... Soyons donc sincères: si M. de Zayas a raison - et il nous arrive armé d'un formidable arsenal de statistiques, de céclarations de dirigeants occidentaux, de communiquées de la Croix Rouge, de rapports de commissions d'enquête, etc. .. qui prouvent qu'il a raisson - on ne peut que conclure qu'il nous faudra changer bien des choses avant que nos sentiments humanitaires ne deviennent une réalité. Par réalité j'entends la realité humanine affranchie de toute tenture politique. Si notre civilisation est vraiment basée, comme il l'écrit, sur la 'dignitas humana' - la dignité humaine et sur de sages principes de rison, comment expliquer ce qui suit?" repeated on BBC 8 June 1977, 1530, Tape No. 7R/03 Q 056 E.

References to the work

• In his 2007 book "After the Reich" Giles MacDonough(John Murray Publishers, London 2007. pp. 126, 556, etc.) notes: "There is a similar lack of documentation in English on events in Czechoslovakia. The best remains Alfred M. de Zayas's Nemesis at Potsdam (London 1979)," p. 585.
• In an article published by the Deutsche Welle on 16 August 2007 "Many Descendents of Expellees Reject Traditional Point of View", Trinity Harman reported: "He wrote the first scholarly work on German expellees to appear in English, breaking what had long been a taboo topic.The post-war expulsions were the largest forced movement of Europeans in the 20th century. Historians estimate that between 12 and 15 million people were expelled during the forced migrations."^[6]
• Dr. Robert Bard relies heavily on "Nemesis at Potsdam" in his doctoral dissertation "Historical Memory of the expulsion of the ethnic Germans 1944-1947", University of Hertfordshire, July 2009 ^[7]
• The Institut für Zeitgeschichte (Institute of Contemporary History) held a symposium "Potsdamer Konferenz - 60 Jahre danach" with the participation of Dr. Guido Knopp, Prof. Soutou (Sorbonne), Prof. Anthony Nichols (Oxford), Prof. de Zayas etc. on 19 July 2005 in Berlin http://www.ifz-muenchen.de/fileadmin/images/Das_IfZ/jb2005.pdf pages 37 et seq.

References

1. ^ [1]
2. ^ WorldCat
3. ^ WorldCat
4. ^ [2]
5. ^ http://alfreddezayas.com/Books/NZZrezension.pdf
6. ^ http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,2741634,00.html
7. ^ https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/2299/4445/1/Thesis%20final%20version.pdf

Interview in The Record, Waterloo, Canada: http://news.therecord.com/news/article/687051

Article by Professor Ralph Raico 10 June 2010: http://www.lewrockwell.com/raico/raico32.1.html

External links

• http://www.pictonpress.com/store/show/1042