Justice in Eyre

Justice in Eyre

In English law, the Justices in Eyre were the highest magistrates in forest law, and presided over the "court of justice-seat", a triennial court held to punish offenders against the forest law and enquire into the state of the forest and its officers. ("Eyre", meaning "circuit", refers to the movement of the court between the different royal forests.)

Technically, the two justices were referred to as "circa" and "ultra" Trent (on the same side or across the River Trent), depending on where the royal court was held at the time, but are usually referred to in absolute geographical terms "north" and "south". The holders were originally referred to as "justice of the forest" until the reign of Henry VIII, when the title of "justice in eyre" came into use, except from 1311–1397, when they were styled "warden of the forest".

With the decay of forest law and the lapse of the court of justice-seat, the post became a sinecure. A statute of 1817 abolished it after the decease of the current holders.

Early Justices

The arrangement of justices north and south of Trent did not become fixed until 1236.

*John Marshall (apptd. November 8, 1217), justice of the forest of all England
*Brian de l'Isle (apptd. March 6, 1220), justice of the forest of all England
*Hugh de Neville (apptd. April 29, 1224), justice of the forest of all England
*Brian de l'Isle (apptd. October 8, 1229), justice of the forest in the counties of Northumberland, Cumberland, York, Lancaster, Derby, Lincoln, Rutland, Northampton, Buckingham, Essex, Cambridge, Huntingdon, and Oxford excepting the bailiwick of Thomas of Langley.
*John of Monmouth (apptd. October 8, 1229), justice of the forest in the counties of Stafford, Salop, Worcester, Warwick, Gloucester, Hereford, Devon, Somerset, Dorset, Southampton, Wiltshire, Berkshire, Surrey, and the bailiwick of Thomas of Langley
*Peter d'Airvault (apptd. July 7, 1232), justice of the forest of all England

Justices in Eyre north of the Trent

*John fitz Geoffrey (apptd. October 21, 1241)
*Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy de Darcy, 18 June 1509 – June 1537
*Thomas Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell, 30 December 1537 – June 1540 (created Earl of Essex 17 April 1540)
*Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland, 9 August 1540 – 20 September 1543
*Sir Anthony Browne, 16 February 1546 – 6 May 1548
*Francis Talbot, 5th Earl of Shrewsbury, 24 May 1548 – 28 September 1560
*George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, 28 September 1560 – 18 November 1590
*Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury, 16 December 1603 – 8 May 1616
*Sir George Villiers, 25 July 1616 – 8 November 1619 (created Viscount Villiers 27 August 1616, Earl of Buckingham 5 January 1617 and Marquess of Buckingham 1 January 1618)
*Francis Manners, 6th Earl of Rutland, 19 November 1619 – 17 December 1632
*Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel, 25 February 1634 – 4 October 1646
*William Cavendish, 1st Marquess of Newcastle, 16 July 1661 – 25 December 1676 (created Duke of Newcastle 16 March 1665)
*Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle, 28 March 1677 – bef. 26 April 1689
*William Pierrepont, 4th Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull, 26 April 1689 – 17 September 1690
*William Cavendish, 4th Earl of Devonshire, November 1690 – 18 August 1707 (created Duke of Devonshire 12 May 1694)
*William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire, 13 November 1707 – 19 May 1711
*John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle, 18 May 1711 – 15 July 1711
*Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds, 17 October 1711 – 26 July 1712
*Evelyn Pierrepont, 1st Marquess of Dorchester, 7 December 1714 – 11 March 1717 (created Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull 10 August 1715)
*Thomas Fane, 6th Earl of Westmorland, 11 March 1717 – 11 May 1719
*Benedict Sherard, 1st Earl of Harborough, 11 May 1719 – 16 October 1732
*John Wallop, 1st Viscount Lymington, 11 January 1733 – 30 July 1734
*Peregrine Bertie, 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, 30 July 1734 – 1 January 1742
*George Brudenell, 4th Earl of Cardigan, 19 February 1742 – 21 February 1752
*Edward Seymour, 8th Duke of Somerset, 21 February 1752 – 12 December 1757
*Richard Edgecumbe, 1st Baron Edgecumbe, 3 February 1758 – 22 November 1758
*Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys, 10 February 1759 – 22 April 1761
*Thomas Osborne, 4th Duke of Leeds, 22 April 1761 – 15 March 1774
*Thomas Pelham, 2nd Baron Pelham of Stanmer, 15 March 1774 – 27 November 1775
*Thomas Lyttelton, 2nd Baron Lyttelton, 27 November 1775 – 27 November 1779
*Charles Wolfran Cornwall, 22 September 1780 – 2 January 1789
*George Evelyn Boscawen, 3rd Viscount Falmouth, 2 September 1789 – 30 October 1790
*The Hon. John Charles Villiers, 30 October 1790 – 22 December 1838 (succeeded as 3rd Earl of Clarendon 7 March 1824)

Justices in Eyre south of the Trent

*Richard de Montfiquet (apptd. November 11, 1236)
*John Biset (May 22, 1238 – 1241)
*John fitzGeoffrey (apptd. 1241)
*Reynold de Mohun (apptd. April 1, 1242)
*Gilbert de Segrave (apptd. May 6, 1242)
*Robert Passelewe (apptd. aft. April 28, 1245)
*Geoffrey of Langley (apptd. March 4, 1249)
*Reynold de Mohun (apptd. October 25, 1252)
*Arnold de Bois (apptd. February 16, 1252)
*Robert Walerand (apptd. September 1, 1256)
*Thomas Gresley (apptd. September 11, 1259)
*Alan la Zouche (apptd. June 12, 1261)
*Matthew de Colombières (apptd. April 21, 1265)
*Roger of Clifford (apptd. August 8, 1265)
*Roger of Clifford, the younger (apptd. August 1, 1270)
*Luke de Thaney (apptd. June 10, 1281)
*Roger le Strange, 1st Baron Strange (apptd. October 21, 1283)
*Hugh le Despenser, 1st Baron le Despencer (apptd. February 12, 1296)
*Pain Tiptoft, 1st Baron Tibetot (apptd. August 18, 1307)
*Hugh le Despenser, 1st Baron le Despencer (apptd. March 16, 1307)
*Robert fitz Pain (apptd. December 2, 1311)
*Hugh le Despenser, 1st Baron le Despencer (apptd. June 14, 1312)
*Ralph de Monthermer, 1st Baron Monthermer (apptd. February 19, 1314)
*Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (apptd. May 18, 1320)
*Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester (June 27, 1324 – October 27, 1326)
*Thomas Wake, 2nd Baron Wake of Liddell (apptd. November 30, 1326)
*William la Zouche, 1st Baron Zouche of Mortimer (apptd. May 9, 1328)
*John Maltravers (apptd. April 5, 1329)
*Robert of Ufford (apptd. December 16, 1330
*Bartholomew de Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh (apptd. October 13, 1335)
*William de Clinton, 1st Earl of Huntingdon (apptd. December 4, 1343)
*Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley (apptd. August 25, 1345)
*Thomas de Braose (apptd. January 28, 1347)
*William of Wykeham (apptd. July 10, 1361) jointly with...
*Peter atte Wood (apptd. July 10, 1361)
*John de la Lee (apptd. October 10, 1367)
*John of Foxley (apptd. April 26, 1368)
*Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent (July 21, 1377 – 1397)
*Edward, Earl of Rutland (April 26, 1397 – October 25, 1415)
*Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (January 27, 1415 – February 23, 1447)
*Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York (apptd. February 23, 1447)
*Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset (apptd. July 2, 1453)
*William Fitzalan, 16th Earl of Arundel (apptd. December 19, 1459)
*John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk (July 11, 1461 – November 6, 1461)
*Henry Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex (1461? – April 4, 1483)
*William Fitzalan, 16th Earl of Arundel (apptd. July 1, 1483)
*John Radcliffe, 9th Baron FitzWalter (apptd. January 14, 1485) jointly with...
*Sir Reynold Bray (apptd. January 14, 1485)
*Giles Daubeney, 8th Baron Daubeney (apptd. November 24, 1493) (jointly with Bray)
*Sir Thomas Brandon, 2 June 1509 – 27 January 1510
*Sir Thomas Lovell, 6 February 1510 – 25 May 1524 (jointly with Dorset until his death)
*Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset, 17 June 1523 – 10 October 1530
*Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, 22 November 1534 – 22 August 1545
*William Paulet, 1st Baron St John, 17 December 1545 – before 2 February 1550 (created Earl of Wiltshire 19 January 1550)
*Henry Grey, 3rd Marquess of Dorset, 2 February 1550 – 12 November 1553 (created Duke of Suffolk 11 October 1551)
*Henry Radcliffe, 2nd Earl of Sussex, 19 November 1553 – 17 February 1557
*Thomas Radcliffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, 1557/8 – 9 June 1583
*Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford, 26 February 1584 – 28 July 1585
*Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, 25 November 1585 – 4 September 1588
*Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon, 17 January 1589 – 23 July 1596
*Charles Howard, 2nd Baron Howard of Effingham, 15 June 1597 – 14 December 1624 (created Earl of Nottingham 22 October 1597)
*George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, 22 January 1625 – 23 August 1628
*William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke, 9 September 1629 – 10 April 1630
*Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, 25 May 1631 – 9 March 1649
*Aubrey de Vere, 20th Earl of Oxford, 27 June 1660 – before 14 January 1673
*James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, 14 January 1673 – 27 December 1679
*Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl of Chesterfield, 27 December 1679 – before 16 January 1686
*Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon, 16 January 1686 – before 24 April 1689
*John Lovelace, 3rd Baron Lovelace, 24 April 1689 – 27 September 1693
*James Bertie, 1st Earl of Abingdon, 29 November 1693 – before 15 May 1697
*Thomas Wharton, 5th Baron Wharton, 15 May 1697 – 11 July 1702
*"vacant"
*Thomas Wharton, 5th Baron Wharton, 9 September 1706 – 12 January 1711 (created Earl of Wharton 23 December 1706)
*Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Abingdon, 12 January 1711 – 3 May 1715
*Charles Bennet, 2nd Earl of Tankerville, 6 December 1715 – 21 May 1722
*Charles Cornwallis, 5th Baron Cornwallis, 5 July 1722 – 31 May 1740
*William Villiers, 3rd Earl of Jersey, 31 May 1740 – 26 July 1746
*George Montague-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax, 26 July 1746 – 12 November 1748
*Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys, 13 January 1756 – 15 December 1756
*John Campbell, 3rd Earl of Breadalbane, 15 December 1756 – 4 November 1765
*John Monson, 2nd Baron Monson, 4 November 1765 – 12 January 1767
*Charles Cornwallis, 2nd Earl Cornwallis, 12 January 1767 – 21 March 1769
*Sir Fletcher Norton, 21 March 1769 – 1 January 1789 (created Baron Grantley 9 April 1782)
*Thomas Townshend, 2nd Viscount Sydney, 19 June 1789 – 30 June 1800
*Thomas Grenville, 13 August 1800 – 17 December 1846

ource

* [http://www.history.ac.uk/office/justices.html List of Justices in Eyre 1509–1846]
*cite journal | author=G.J. Turner | title=The Justices of the Forest South of Trent | journal=The English Historical Review | year=1903 | volume=18 | pages=112–116 | doi=10.1093/ehr/XVIII.LXIX.112


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  • Justice-in-eyre — One of the justices, i.e. judges, on the *county circuit, hearing cases at local courts. These justices ensured that criminals with local influence and able to intimidate local courts were subject to the king s justice, which was not to be… …   Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases

  • justice in eyre — noun Etymology: Middle English, translation of Anglo French justice en eire : an itinerant judge riding the circuit to hold court in the different counties * * * Old Eng. Law. See under eyre (def. 2a). [1480 90] …   Useful english dictionary

  • justice in eyre — /jastas in er/ From the old French word eire, i.e., a journey. Those justices who in ancient times were sent by commission into various counties, to hear more especially such causes as were termed pleas of the crown, were called justices in eyre …   Black's law dictionary

  • justice in eyre — /jastas in er/ From the old French word eire, i.e., a journey. Those justices who in ancient times were sent by commission into various counties, to hear more especially such causes as were termed pleas of the crown, were called justices in eyre …   Black's law dictionary

  • justice in eyre — Old Eng. Law. See under eyre (def. 2a). [1480 90] * * * …   Universalium

  • Court of the Chief Justice in Eyre — In England, the highest of the courts of the forest, held every three years, by the chief justice, to inquire of purprestures or encroachments, assarts, or cultivation of forest land, claims to franchises, parks, warrens, and vineyards in the… …   Black's law dictionary

  • Court of the Chief Justice in Eyre — In England, the highest of the courts of the forest, held every three years, by the chief justice, to inquire of purprestures or encroachments, assarts, or cultivation of forest land, claims to franchises, parks, warrens, and vineyards in the… …   Black's law dictionary

  • eyre — /air/, n. Old Eng. Law. 1. a circuit made by an itinerant judge (justice in eyre) in medieval England. 2. a county court held by a justice in eyre. [1250 1300; ME eyre < AF; OF erre, deriv. of errer to journey; see ERR] * * * (as used in… …   Universalium

  • Eyre — The circuit travelled by a judge moving from *county to county; hence *justice in eyre. [< OldFr. eire < Lat. iter = journey] Cf. Bracton; Coram rege …   Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases

  • justice seat — In old English law, the principal court of the forest, held before the chief justice in eyre, or chief itinerant judge or his deputy; to hear and determine all trespasses within the forest, and all claims of franchises, liberties, and privileges …   Black's law dictionary

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