Battle of Cunaxa

For the fictional princedom named Cunaxa, see Places of Dragon Prince.

Coordinates: 33°19′29.48″N 44°04′46.33″E / 33.3248556°N 44.0795361°E / 33.3248556; 44.0795361

Battle of Cunaxa
Date 3 September 401 BC [1] Location On the banks of the Euphrates near present-day Baghdad, Iraq Result Tactical draw; Strategic victory for Artaxerxes II of Persia; Thousands of Greek mercenaries march home against opposition Territorial changes Legitimate Persian king still alive and in full control of the kingdom.
Belligerents
Cyrus the Younger Greek mercenaries	Achaemenid Empire
Commanders and leaders
Cyrus the Younger † Clearchus Ariaeus	Artaxerxes II Gobrias Tissaphernes
Strength
A large force of Persian soldiers 10,400 mercenary hoplites 2,500 mercenary peltasts 1,000 Paphlagonian cavalry 600 bodyguard cavalry 20 scythed chariots	Persian army substantially outnumbered that of Cyrus 6,000 bodyguard cavalry 400,000 infantry 200 scythed chariots
Casualties and losses
Minimal, death of Cyrus	Unknown

The Battle of Cunaxa was fought in 401 BC between Cyrus the Younger and his elder brother Arsaces, who had inherited the Persian throne as Artaxerxes II in 404 BC. The great battle of the revolt of Cyrus took place 70 km north of Babylon, at Cunaxa (Ancient Greek: Κούναξα), on the left bank of the Euphrates River. The main source is a Greek eyewitness and soldier, Xenophon.

Preparations

Cyrus gathered an army of Greek mercenaries, consisting of 10,400 hoplites and 2,500 peltasts, under the Spartan general Clearchus, and met Artaxerxes at Cunaxa. He also had a large force of levied troops under his second-in-command Ariaeus. Xenophon gives the strength of the Persian army at an impossible 1,200,000 men, excluding the scythed chariots. No modern commentator finds this figure credible, but educated guesswork is now the only way to fill the gap in our knowledge. Artaxerxes certainly seems to have enjoyed a superiority in cavalry.

When Cyrus learned that his elder brother, the Great King, was approaching with his army, he drew up his army in battle array. He placed the Greek mercenaries on the right, near the river. In addition to this they were supported on their right by some cavalry, 1,000 strong, as was the tradition of battle order in that day. To the Greeks, this was the place of honor. Cyrus himself with 600 body guards was in the center, to the left of the greek mercenaries - the place where Persian monarchs traditionally placed themselves in the order of battle. Cyrus' Asiatic troops were on the left flank.^[1]

Inversely, Artaxerxes II placed his left on the river, with a unit of cavalry supporting it also. Artaxerxes was in the center of his line, with 6,000 units of persian cavalry (which were some of the finest in the world and by far superior to anything Cyrus or the Greeks could field) which was to the left of Cyrus, his line being so much the longer. Artaxerxes line overlapped Cyrus' line quite significantly, since he was able to field many more troops.^[2]

Cyrus then approached Clearuchus, the leader of the Greeks who was commanding the phalanx stationed on the right, and ordered him to move into the center as to go after Artaxerxes. However, Clearachus, not desiring to do this - for fear of his right flank - refused, and promised Cyrus that, according to Xenophon, that he would "take care that all would be well".^[3] Cyrus wanted to place him in the center as the greeks were his most capable unit, and were thereby most able to defeat the elite Persian cavalry and in the process kill the Great King and thereby gain the Persian Empire for Cyrus. Clearuchus refused this due to an almost pathological insecurity that the Greeks had for their right flank, which tended to drift and was undefended, as the shields were held in the left hand. That Clearuchus did not obey this order is a sign of the level of control that Cyrus had over his army, as a couple of other occasions throughout this campaign prior to the battle reveal also. This is inconsistent with military discipline, even in this day.

Before the final attack began, Xenophon, the main relator of the events at Cunaxa, who was probably at the time some kind of mid level officer, approached Cyrus to ensure that all the proper orders and dispositions had been made. Cyrus told him that they had, and that the sacrifices that traditionally took place before a battle promised success.^[4]

Battle

• 

  First phase of battle

• 

  Second phase of battle

^[5]

The Greeks, deployed on Cyrus's right and outnumbered, charged the left flank of Artaxerxes' army, which broke ranks and fled before they came within arrowshot. However, on the Persian right the fight between Artaxerxes' army and Cyrus was far more difficult and protracted. Cyrus personally charged his brother's bodyguard and was killed by a javelin, which sent the rebels into retreat. Only the Greek mercenaries, who had not heard of Cyrus's death and were heavily armed, stood firm. Clearchus advanced against the much larger right wing of Artaxerxes' army and sent it into retreat. Meanwhile, Artaxerxes' troops took the Greek encampment and destroyed their food supplies.

Aftermath

According to the Greek soldier and writer Xenophon, the Greek heavy troops scattered their opposition twice; only one Greek was even wounded. Only after the battle did they hear that Cyrus himself had been killed, making their victory irrelevant and the expedition a failure. They were in the middle of a very large empire with no food, no employer, and no reliable friends. They offered to make their Persian ally Ariaeus king, but he refused on the grounds that he was not of royal blood and so would not find enough support among the Persians to succeed. They offered their services to Tissaphernes, a leading satrap of Artaxerxes, but he refused them, and they refused to surrender to him. Tissaphernes was left with a problem; a large army of heavy troops, which he could not defeat by frontal assault. He supplied them with food and, after a long wait, led them northwards for home, meanwhile detaching Ariaeus and his light troops from their cause.

The Greek senior officers foolishly accepted the invitation of Tissaphernes to a feast. There they were made prisoner, taken up to the king and there decapitated. The Greeks elected new officers and set out to march northwards to the Black Sea through Kurdistan and Armenia. Their eventual success, the march of the Ten Thousand, was recorded by Xenophon in his Anabasis.

In popular culture

The battle is referenced at the start of The Warriors (film).

References

1. ^ http://books.google.com/ebooks/reader?id=0RcwAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&source=webstore_bookcard&pg=GBS.PA102
2. ^ http://books.google.com/ebooks/reader?id=0RcwAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&source=webstore_bookcard&pg=GBS.PA103
3. ^ http://books.google.com/ebooks/reader?id=zQl8i4ljaKgC&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&source=webstore_bookcard&pg=GBS.PA37
4. ^ http://books.google.com/ebooks/reader?id=zQl8i4ljaKgC&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&source=webstore_bookcard&pg=GBS.PA37
5. ^ http://books.google.com/ebooks/reader?id=0RcwAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&source=webstore_bookcard&pg=GBS.PA103

Full text of Xenophon's Anabasis online:

• Freely downloadable, at Project Gutenberg [2]
• Directly readable, at The University of Adelaide Library, Australia [3]

Further reading

• Xenophon, The Persian Expedition, trans. by Rex Warner, Penguin, 1949.
• Montagu, John D. Battles of the Greek and Roman Worlds, Greenhill Books, 2000.
• Prevas, John. Xenophon's March: Into the Lair of the Persian Lion, Da Capo, 2002.
• Waterfield, Robin. Xenophon's Retreat: Greece, Persia, and the End of the Golden Age, Belknap Press, 2006.

External links

• Battles of Artaxerxes II, in Mark Drury's Achaemenid Persian Page, a reinterpretation of the Anabasis from a supposedly Persian point of view. For example:
  «Unfortunately the stubbornness of the Greeks to accept defeat, and the inability of both sides to overcome ethnic and cultural biases, led to the unnecessary loss of many lives in the Greek's courageous, but wasted retreat» (sic).