Acacia karroo

Acacia karroo
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Genus:	Acacia
Species:	A. karroo
Binomial name
Acacia karroo Hayne
Native Range of Acacia karroo
Synonyms
Acacia campbellii Arn. Acacia dekindtiana A. Chev. Acacia eburnea sensu auct. Acacia horrida sensu auct. Acacia inconflagrabilis Gerstner] Acacia karoo Hayne Acacia minutifolia Ragup. Acacia natalitia E. Mey. Acacia pseudowightii Thoth. Acacia roxburghii Wight & Arn. Mimosa eburnea L. f.[1]

Acacia karroo also known as the Sweet Thorn, is a species of Acacia, native to southern Africa from southern Angola east to Mozambique, and south to South Africa.^[2]

It is a shrub or small to medium-sized tree which grows to height of 12m.^[3] It is difficult to tell apart from Acacia nilotica subsp. adstringens without examining the seed pods. It is not listed as being a threatened species.^[1]

Common names in various languages include Karoo Thorn, Doringboom, Soetdoring, Cape Gum, Cassie, Piquants Blancs, Cassie Piquants Blancs, Cockspur Thorn, Deo-Babool, Doorn Boom, Kaludai, Kikar, Mormati, Pahari Kikar, umuNga and Udai Vel.^[1]

Identification

It is a shrub or small to medium-sized tree which grows to height of 12m. Acacia karroo has a rounded crown, branching fairly low down on the trunk. It is variable in shape and size, reaching a maximum of about 12m where there is good water. The bark is red on young branches, darkening and becoming rough with age. Sometimes an attractive reddish colour can be seen in the deep bark fissures The leaves are finely textured and dark green. The abundant yellow flowers appear in early summer, or after good rains. The seed pods are narrow, flat and crescent shaped. They are green when young becoming brown and dry. The pods split open allowing the seeds to fall to the ground. The thorns are paired, greyish to white and are long and straight

Distribution

It is a tree of open woodland and wooded grassland. It grows to its greatest size when rainfall of 800-900mm is received but can grow and even thrive in very dry conditions such as the Karoo region of western South Africa. The requirement here is for deep soils that allow its roots to spread. Everywhere in its range, however, the tree is easily recognised by its distinctive long white paired thorns and coffee coloured bark, both of which are very attractive. In the tropics it shows little variation but at the southern end of its range it becomes more variable in appearance.

Adaptations

Acacia karroo has a life span of 30-40 years and is an adaptable pioneer, able to establishing itself without shade, shelter or protection from grass fires. Once over a year old, seedlings can resprout after fire. Several fungi are associated with this tree and the crown of mature trees may be parasitized by various mistletoes, leading to the tree's decline. This tree has a long taproot which enables it to use water and nutrients from deep underground, this and its ability to fix nitrogen, lead to grasses and other plants thriving in its shade.

The tree has been noted to occur in the Torre del Mar area, near Malaga, Spain. Here it grows freely as a large shrub on waste ground. It has been used as hedging to keep out goats from vegetable plots. Flowers during July.

Uses

A. karoo is used for chemical products, forage, domestic uses, environmental management, fibre, food, drink, and wood. The tough wood is white to slightly yellowish in colour, rarely producing dark brown heartwood. It is widely cultivated in Asia, Australia, the Mediterranean region, India and the Indian Ocean area.^[1] The large thorns mean that the tree must be approached, and the branches handled, carefully.

Food

As is common in Acacia spp., edible gum seeps from cracks in the tree's bark, and is an important part of the bushbaby's winter diet. The gum can be used to manufacture candy (see Gum arabic) and used to have economic importance as "Cape Gum". In dry areas, the tree's presence is a sign of water, both above and underground. ^[4]

Forage and fodder

Countries where Acacia karroo is present

The tree is especially useful as forage and fodder for domestic and wild animals. Apparently, there is no risk of poisoning from it. Goats seem to like A. karoo better than cattle.^[5] The small pom-pom shaped yellow flowers are attractive in mid-summer. The flowers make it a very good source of forage for honey bees; honey from it has a pleasant taste.

Wood and bark

A. karroo is an excellent source of firewood and charcoal.^[5] The wood is also used for fencing posts for cattle byres or kraals. The heartwood has a density of about 800 kg/m³. A tough rope can be made from the inside bark of the tree.^[6]

Traditional Medicine

The gum, bark and leaves have been used as a soothing agent and astringent for colds, conjunctivitis and hemorrhage in South Africa.^[7]

Bans

Notifiable in NSW,Australia. It is illegal to not notify the NSW government of the existence of this plant.

See also

• Acacia nilotica subsp. indica

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} ILDIS LegumeWeb: Acacia karroo
2. ^ Germplasm Resources Information Network: Acacia karroo
3. ^ Department of the Environment and Heritage and the CRC for Australian Weed Management, 2003
4. ^ Acacia Karoo PlanzAfrica
5. ^ ^{a b} World AgroForestry Centre
6. ^ FAO
7. ^ Joffe, Pitta: Indigenous Plants of South Africa, 2007, Briza Publications, p87