Parley P. Pratt

LDSApostleshipinfo
English name = Parley P. Pratt


birth_name=Parley Parker Pratt
birth_date=birth date|1807|04|12
birthplace=Burlington, New York
death_date=death date and age|1857|05|13|1807|04|12
deathplace=Van Buren, Arkansas
president_who_called=Three Witnesses
apostledate=death date and age|1835|02|21|1807|04|12
ordination_reason=Initial organization of Quorum of the Twelve
end_date=death date and age|1857|05|13|1807|04|12
end_reason=Death
reorganization=George Q. Cannon ordained

Parley Parker Pratt (12 April 1807 – 13 May 1857) ["Dictionary of American Biography"] was a leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and an original member of Quorum of the Twelve Apostles from 1835 until his murder in 1857. He served in the Quorum with his younger brother, Orson Pratt. He was a missionary, poet, religious writer and longtime editor of the religious publication "The Latter-day Saints' Millennial Star". Scenic Parley's Canyon in Salt Lake City, earlier known as Big Canyon, was renamed in his honor.

Pratt practiced plural marriage and had twelve wives. One great great grandson is Mitt Romney, former Massachusetts governor and suspended candidate for the 2008 Republican presidential nomination. [ [http://apnews.myway.com/article/20070224/D8NGC8IO0.html Associated Press, Romney Family Tree Has Polygamy Branch] ]

Biography

Youth

Parley Pratt was born in Burlington, New York, the son of Jared Pratt (Canaan, New York, 25 November 1769 – Detroit, Michigan, 5 November 1839) and wife (m. 7 July 1799) Charity Dickinson (Bolton, New York, 24 February 1776 – St. Joseph, Missouri, 20 May 1849), a descendant of Anne Hutchinson. [http://www.wargs.com/political/romney.html Ancestry of Mitt Romney] He married Thankful Halsey in Canaan, New York on 9 September 1827. The young couple settled near Cleveland, Ohio on a plot of "wilderness" where Parley had constructed a crude home. In Ohio, Pratt became a member of the Reformed Baptist Society, also called Campbellites, through the preaching of Sidney Rigdon. Pratt soon decided to take up the Campbellite ministry as a profession, and sold his property.

LDS Church service

While traveling to visit family in western New York, Pratt had the opportunity to read a copy of the Book of Mormon owned by a Baptist deacon. Convinced of its authenticity, he traveled to Palmyra, New York and spoke to Hyrum Smith at the Smith home. He was baptized in Seneca Lake by Oliver Cowdery on or about 1 September 1830, formally joining the Latter Day Saint church (Mormons). He was also ordained to the office of an elder in the church. Continuing on to his family's home, he introduced his younger brother, Orson Pratt, to Mormonism and baptized him on 19 September 1830.

Pratt then returned to Fayette, New York in October 1830, where he met Joseph Smith and was asked to join a missionary group assigned to preach to the Native American (Lamanite) tribes on the Missouri frontier. During the trip west, he and his companions stopped to visit Sidney Rigdon, and were instrumental in converting Rigdon and approximately 130 members of his congregation within two to three weeks.

Pratt was later assigned additional missions to Canada, the Eastern United States, the Southern United States, England, the Pacific Islands, and to South America. He moved to Valparaiso, Chile to begin the missionary work there. They left after not much success and the death of his child Omner in 1852. In addition to his brother, Orson Pratt and Sidney Rigdon, he was instrumental in introducing the Mormon faith to a number of future LDS leaders, including Frederick G. Williams, John Taylor and his wife Leonora, Isaac Morley and Joseph Fielding and his sisters, Mary and Mercy Fielding.

In addition to serving as an active missionary, Pratt entered the leadership of the early Latter Day Saint movement acting as an original member of the Quorum of Twelve Apostles. While on a mission to the British Isles in 1839, Pratt was editor of a newly created periodical, "The Latter-day Saints' Millennial Star". While presiding over the church's branches and interests in New England and the mid-Atlantic states, Pratt published a periodical entitled "The Prophet" from his headquarters in New York City. He was also a noted religious writer and poet. He produced an autobiography, as well as some poems which have become staple LDS hymns, some of which are included in the current LDS Church hymnal.

In Nauvoo, Illinois on 9 September 1844 he married the fourth of his twelve wives Scottish Mary Wood (Glasgow, Lanarkshire, 18 June 1818 – Salt Lake City, Utah, 5 March 1898), daughter of Samuel Wood (baptized Dumfries, Dumfriesshire, 8 July 1798) and wife (m. Mungo, Dumfriesshire, 18 July 1816) Margaret Orr (baptized Inverchaolin, Argyllshire, 15 August 1793 – 1852), by whom he had Helaman Pratt. [http://www.wargs.com/political/romney.html Ancestry of Mitt Romney]

After the death of Joseph Smith, Pratt and his family were among the Latter Day Saints who emigrated to Utah Territory and continued on as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) under the direction of Brigham Young. Pratt was involved in establishing the refugee settlements and fields at both Garden Grove and Mt. Pisgah, Iowa and personally led a pioneer company along the Mormon Trail to the Salt Lake Valley. Sometime in the mid 1850s, working with George D. Watt, he helped develop the Deseret alphabet. In 1854, Pratt went to California to preside over the Pacific Mission of the LDS Church headquartered in San Francisco.

Death

On a preaching mission in the southern United States in 1857, Pratt was being tracked by Hector McLean, who was upset with Pratt for trying to kidnap his children. Pratt had met Eleanor McLean, Hector's wife, a few years earlier in San Francisco, California, and she later left Hector and moved to Utah where she began living with Mr. Pratt. [Harvnb|Bagley|2002.] Though for religious reasons she considered herself "unmarried", Eleanor was not legally divorced from Hector at the time of her Celestial marriage to Pratt. [Millennial Star 19:432. New York World, 23 November 1869, p.2). Harvnb|Pratt|1975|pp=6, 24.]

McLean pressed criminal charges, accusing Pratt of assisting in the kidnapping of his children. Pratt managed to evade him and the legal charges, but was finally arrested in Indian Territory (now Oklahoma). He was tried before Judge John B Ogden, but was only charged with stealing children's clothes. He had helped his wife Eleanor retrieve kidnap Hector's children, who were lviing with Eleanor's parents. Judge Ogden acquitted Pratt of the charges against him and released him. (Pratt was exonerated by the court because the laws of that time did not recognize the kidnapping of children by the non-custodial parent as a crime.) However, shortly afterward, on 13 May 1857, he was killed by Hector McLean on a farm northeast of Van Buren, Arkansas. Pratt was buried near Alma, Arkansas, despite his personal desire to be buried in Utah.

Mormons viewed Pratt's death as a martyrdom, a view first expressed in Pratt's own dying words. [Harvnb|Pratt|1975|p=16 ("I am dying a martyr to the faith").] Brigham Young compared his death with those of Joseph and Hyrum Smith, ["Reminiscences of Mrs. A. Agatha Pratt, January 7, F564, #16, LDS Church Archives (stating that Young said, "Nothing has happened so hard to reconcile my mind to since the death of Joseph.").] and many Mormons blamed the death on the state of Arkansas, or its people. [Harvnb|Brooks|1950|p=36-37; Harvnb|Linn|1902|p=519–20 ("It was in accordance with Mormon policy to hold every Arkansan accountable for Pratt's death, just as every Missourian was hated because of the expulsion of the church from that state.").] Due to his personal popularity and his position in the Council of the Twelve, Pratt's murder in Arkansas was a significant blow to the Latter-day Saint community in the Rocky Mountains, when they began hearing about it in June 1857. [Church leaders learned about the death on June 23, 1857 (Wilford Woodruff Journal). The murder was first reported in the "Deseret News" on July 1, 1857.] The violent death of Pratt may also have played a part in events leading up to the Mountain Meadows massacre five months later. [cite book |last=Bagley |first=Will |title=Blood of the prophets, Brigham Young and the Massacre at Mountain Meadows |year=2002 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman, Oklahoma |id=ISBN 0-8061-3426-7 ] This massacre resulted in the deaths of the majority of the "Baker-Fancher Party" travelling to Southern California along the Mormon Road (a portion of the Old Spanish Trail). After the massacre, some Mormons claimed that rumors had circulated throughout the southern Utah Territory that one or more members of the party had murdered Pratt, [Bagley, p.98 (identification by the widow Pratt)] poisoned creek water which subsequently sickened Paiute children, [Bagley, pp.105-110] and allowed their cattle to graze on private property. [Bagley, p.102]

On April 3, 2008, a judge in Arkansas ruled that Pratt's remains could be moved to Utah for burial as long as other burial sites are not disturbed. Pratt's family planned to rebury Pratt's remains at the Salt Lake City Cemetery in accordance with modern-day burial techniques. [ [http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=2998382 ksl.com - Ark. judge: Remains of early LDS leader can be moved to Utah ] ] This effort was unfruitful, producing no discernible human remains, probably due to how long ago he was buried, the shallow grave, and a moist clay soil. [ [http://www.heraldextra.com/content/view/263897/ Daily Herald - No remains found in dig for Parley P. Pratt ] ] No further search efforts for Pratt's burial site have been planned. [ [http://www.sltrib.com/faith/ci_9050460 Search for Parley Pratt's remains yields nothing but Arkansas clay - Salt Lake Tribune ] ]

Publications

* "A Voice of Warning" (1837)
* "The Millennium and Other Poems" (1840)
* "Late Persecutions of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: With a Sketch of Their Rise, Progress and Doctrine" (1840)
* "Key to the Science of Theology" (1855)
* [http://jared.pratt-family.org/old/histories/ppp-autobiography/index.htm "The Autobiography of Parley Parker Pratt"] (1874, posthumous)

ee also

*LDS fiction
*Pratt-Romney family
*The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Arkansas

Notes

References

* Allen, James B. and Leonard, Glen M. "The Story of the Latter-day Saints." Deseret Book Co., Salt Lake City, UT, 1976. ISBN 0-87747-594-6.
* Ludlow, Daniel H., "A Companion to Your Study of the Doctrine and Covenants", Deseret Book Co., Salt Lake City, UT, 1978. ISBN 1-57345-224-6.
* Ludlow, Daniel H., Editor. "Church History, Selections From the Encyclopedia of Mormonism. " Deseret Book Co., Salt Lake City, UT, 1992. ISBN 0-87579-924-8.
* [http://www.signaturebooks.com/reviews/eppp.htm The Essential Parley P. Pratt] ; Signature Books; ISBN 0-941214-84-2
* [http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,650218849,00.html Arave, Lynn. "Tidbits of history — Unusual highlights of Salt Lake County"] , Deseret Morning News, January 5, 2006, pp. S1-S2. Retrieved on 2007-01-05.
*Citation
title=Tragical
newspaper=Daily Missouri Republican
year=1857
date=May 25 1857
url=http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/MO/Misr1850.htm#052557 .
*Citation
last=Ward
first=C.G.
title=The Mormon Tragedy in Arkansas: Interesting Details of the Circumstances of Elder Pratt's Death
newspaper=Daily Missouri Republican
year=1857
date=May 26 1857
url=http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/MO/Misr1850.htm#052657 .
*Citation
last=Pratt
first=Steven
title=Eleanor McLean and the Murder of Parley P. Pratt
journal=BYU Studies
volume=15
issue=2
year=1975
pages=225–56
url=http://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/pdfSRC/15.2Pratt.pdf .

External links

* [http://jared.pratt-family.org/parley_histories/list_parley_histories.html Documents about Parley P. Pratt]
* [http://www.gordonbanks.com/gordon/family/pppratt.html History of Parley P. Pratt]
* [http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/NCMP1847-1877&CISOPTR=2912 "Autobiography of Parley P. Pratt"] : PDF scans of autobiography
* [http://jared.pratt-family.org/parley_histories/parley-death-stephen-pratt.html Eleanor McLean and the murder of Parley Pratt]
* [http://www.mormonmittromney.com/pedigree.php?rootid=I566&PEDIGREE_GENERATIONS=4&talloffset=1&ged=ROMNEYmitt8OGFN514474754.ged Selected Descendants of Parley P. Pratt]
* [http://jared.pratt-family.org Pratt Family Association]
* [http://www.angells.com/pratt Parley P. Pratt Grave Site]
* [http://prattconference.org/ Religion and Reaction:The Life, Times, and Legacy of Parley Parker Pratt] Bicentennial Perspectives Conference
* [http://www.thedcl.org/heretics/mormon/prattepp/aofthp/aoftp.html The Angel of the Prairies; a Dream of the Future by Parley Parker Pratt] at The Digital Christian Library.
* [http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=2998382/Ark. judge: Remains of early LDS leader can be moved to Utah]
* [http://www.nwanews.com/adg/News/223614 Dig at Mormon Burial Unrewarded]
* [http://www.kutv.com/content/news/local/story/.aspx?content_id=dcb3121c7827-492f-9978-78031808806b/]