Tâmpa, Braşov

Infobox Mountain
Name = Tâmpa
Photo =Tampabv.jpg
Caption =
Elevation = 960 m (3,150 ft)
Location = Braşov, Romania
Range = Curved Carpathians, Eastern Carpathians
Prominence = ~350 m
Coordinates = coord|45|38|N|25|35|E|type:mountain
Topographic

First ascent =
Easiest route =

Tâmpa (German: "Zinne", or "Kapellenberg"; Hungarian: "Cenk"; Latin: "Mons Cinum") is a mountain, part of the Postăvaru Massif, located in the southern part of the Eastern Carpathians (more precisely in the Curved Carpathians) and almost entirely surrounded by the city of Braşov. Its elevation is 960 m (995 m according to some sources), almost 400 m above the city.

The mountain is mostly made up of limestone formations, having risen up gradually from the earth's crust.

Most of the mountain (1.5 km²) is a declared nature reserve, due to the rare animal (bears, birds, butterflies—35% of Romanian butterfly species) and plant (a rare Liverleaf variety, Transylvanian Windgrass) species that are found there. A number of routes to the summit exist: there are 25 winding paths cut in 1837 by Braşov's forest administration; Gabony's stairs; the Knights' road, dating to the days of the Braşovia citadel; and an auto road. A cable car makes the journey between the cabin/restaurant Casa Pădurarului at the base of the mountain to the Restaurantul Panoramic, on its crest, in under three minutes. The view from the summit is spectacular, offering a panoramic view of the city; on a clear day, the entire Burzenland is visible.

Tâmpa's flora and fauna

Plants

Animals

Etymology

Sextil Puşcariu had this to ask about the etymology of the word "Tâmpa": "How is it that Romanians, who usually have such evocative names for their mountains, such as Omul ["the man"] , Babele ["the old women"] , Strunga ["the vale"] and other names found in the nearby Bucegi, in this case gave such an unfit name that reminds one of the words "tâmp" ["stupid"] and "tâmpit" ["idiot"] ?" He accepted the explanation of N. Drăganu, who posited that the original meaning of the word was "abrupt cliff", describing the mountain's two peaks (Big Tâmpa and Little Tâmpa). The word is an old one in Romanian, dating to pre-Roman times, and also found in southern Italian dialects and in the Arbëresh language. However, this is not the only extant theory. [Puşcariu.]

Archaeological evidence indicates that the Dacians, who worshiped gods in the heavens, built altars on Tâmpa for sacrifices. After the Romans under Trajan conquered Dacia, they may have named the altars they found "Tempus / Temporis" ("time"), transferring worship at the site to Saturn, who was, through his connection to Cronus, the god of time. In time, the name changed to "Tempea / Tâmpa". According to this version, when the Teutonic Knights settled in the area, translated the citadel's old name into German; "the citadel of time" or "the citadel of Cronus" became "Kronstadt", the German name for Braşov.

History

The oldest human traces on Tâmpa date to the time of the Dacians. On Tâmpa, archeologists have discovered a bone pit from that period, indicating that a pagan cult was practiced there.

Through the years, Tâmpa has been relatively safe from natural disasters like mudslides or earthquakes. The most severe damage has been caused by fires, particularly those of 1689, 1731, 1860, 1880 and 1946.

Braşovia Citadel was one of the seven castles that provided the German name for Transylvania: Siebenbürgen. The building, located between the peak and the crest of Tâmpa, is presumed to have been raised in the time of the Teutonic Knights (1212-1218), or if not, was certainly fortified then. In 1241, several Braşov families were able to shelter themselves there from Tatar raids. In 1397, before the war against the Turks began, Mircea I of Wallachia placed his family safe in the citadel. In 1421, the people of Braşov took refuge in the citadel, threatened as they were by Sultan Murad II. That year, the citadel was given as surety to the sultan, as the Turks dominated the city from on high. Thus, the fortification became dangerous for Braşov's inhabitants and for the entire area. After succeeding in taking it back, with the help of John Hunyadi, the inhabitants decided to demolish it. Its stones were used to fortify the citadel in the valley, then just being built.

The citadel was made of stone, with a small polygonal tower on the west side, on Tâmpa's peak. Along the walls were found small towers for defence. Within the southern walls, traces of small rooms have been discovered. There was also a deep well and a chapel inside. As the fortification was surrounded by precipices on three sides and was well-defended on its fourth, it was one of the most difficult to capture in Transylvania (indeed in all of Europe), and was in fact never occupied by force, only being handed over through treaties. Provisions were brought to it by people from a narrow valley called Cutun, to which it was linked by Drumul Cavalerilor (the Knights' Road). Around 1910, Costantin Lacea wrote that "even today the Romanian populace, especially the Costeni (inhabitants of Coastei and Costiţei Streets), led by Junii Curcani ("the Young Turkeys"), go out the day after Pentecost up to the Citadel on Tâmpa, near the Cross of Cutun, and celebrate there. The old people tell how when they were young they used to play up in the Citadel on Tâmpa".

In the 15th century, two watchtowers were built at the base of Tâmpa, linked to the citadel through a series of walls, which, taken together, extended from the towers to the peak of the mountain. Probably left to decay after the introduction of firearms, the two towers were demolished in the 18th century (two engravings from that century show Tâmpa first with, then without them). Turnul Cuţitarilor (the Knife-Makers' Tower), located to the right of Bastionul Ţesătorilor (the Weavers' Bastion), offered an open view toward the valley (Şchei). No trace of it exists today. Turnul Cizmarilor (the Boot-Makers' Tower), located above Bastionul Postăvarilor (the Drapers' Bastion), dominated Blumăna and Curmătura (the area between Tâmpa and Dealul Melcilor - "the Hill of Snails"). Today, the tower's platform, as well as a good part of the base of the linking wall built on the mountain, still remain.

On the map prepared by Giovanni Morando Visconti in 1699, one can see a cross above Braşov, on the peak of Tâmpa. The Saxon author Thomas Tartler confirms this; he wrote, "there was a cross as big as a crucifix, as the Papists have called Tâmpa the Hill of the Cross ("Kreutzberg")". The cross belonged to the Romanians from Şchei, who would raise (with or without the citadel authorities' approval) crosses all through the valley, sometimes even at very short distances from the city walls. One chronicle states that the Tâmpa cross was built on August 2, 1696, attributing it to the carpenters of Emperor Hussein. [Popovici.]

Around 1714 (according to other sources 1696 or 1718), the Braşov senator Johann Draudt, having converted to Catholicism, raised a chapel on Tâmpa, dedicated to Saint Leonard. After this was built, in stages, thieves or Lutherans robbed or desecrated the house of worship. On June 10, 1737, the day after Pentecost, at three in the afternoon, "lightning struck the chapel, in front of the altar, hitting a Papist German tailor and his wife, who had taken shelter there... Their dog was also struck". In time, only ruins were left of the chapel. For a long time afterward, Tâmpa was called Chapel Hill ("Kapellenberg" in German). Often, the Romanians of Şchei were blamed for the chapel's destruction: one writer said that they broke its door, hurled it into the valley, and stole several objects from within. ["ibid."] [Oltean.]

In 1849, after the Imperial Russian intervention in support of the Austrian Monarchy ("see Revolutions of 1848 in Hungary"), Tâmpa became home to a pyramid-shaped monument, raised on the initiative of Lieutenant General von Hassfort and bearing the inscription "Rusia et Austria unitæ MDXXXIL" ("Russia and Austria united 1849"). Heavily damaged by either natural causes or, according to George Bariţ, human intervention ("adverse hands"), the pyramid was ultimately removed by Austro-Hungarian authorities on April 7, 1869. [Popovici.]

After 1865, Tâmpa housed the "Schützenhaus" (the "Shooting range"), soon a favorite with the city's male population. Aside from fire practice, the location had a bowling lane and a restaurant; it was decorated with numerous hunting trophies and mannequins dressed in plate armors. The building was badly damaged by a 1916 fire, and for a long time remained derelict. Ultimately, the Dr. Nicolae Rucăreanu High School of Silviculture was raised on the location — the plot remains disputed between the Evangelical Church and the city of Braşov.

In 1896, upon celebrating the 1000th anniversary of Magyar tribes settling in Pannonia under the leadership of Árpád ("see Pannonian basin before Hungary"), seven commemorative statues were raised throughout the Hungarian Kingdom. On this occasion, a monumental column topped by the statue of a Magyar archer — popularly identified with Árpád himself —, was erected on Tâmpa, causing controversy inside the Romanian community. Stone used for the monument had been transported up the slope by a funicular, and the completed monument featured a lightning rod; overall, it cost 22,585 florins to build. ["ibid."]

The new monument was first damaged by a bomb placed at its base, an attack carried out by two activists against Hungarian rule (Ilie Cătărău and Timofei Kirilov) in September, 1913. In December of the same year, the monument was heavily damaged by a thunderstorm: the "Árpád statue" fell from atop the column and shattered into pieces. In 1916, the remaining parts were detonated by the Romanian Army during its World War I advance into Transylvania ("see Romanian Campaign"). The statue's debris was removed by Communist Romanian authorities in 1966, and the head is preserved by the Parish House of the Reformed Church in Braşov. Tâmpa still houses the base of the monument.

Around 1890, the mountain became home to a restaurant and public house, owned by the patrons of the "Schützenhaus" and named "Béthlen" (or "Béthlen Grotto") in 1891, in honour of a Hungarian minister who had visited the city during that year. Supplied every day by the tenant, who led his donkey up 25 serpentine windings, it became a regular spot for city residents who were attracted by the panoramic scenery of Braşov at nighttime; in 1905, it was equipped with a terrace reaching over the steep slope. The restaurant's name was changed to "Cabana-restaurant «Tâmpa»" ("The «Tâmpa» Cabin-Restaurant") in 1948. On March 23, 1977, the entire building burned down following an accident. The terrace and stone recipients for beer are still in place; in 2001, the Braşov County Council erected a marble cross on the perimeter; the lit sign bearing the name "Braşov" was restored in 2006.

Also in 1891-1892, the Braşov Aqueduct was erected on the Tâmpa ridge, under the direction of engineer Christian Kertsch (best remembered for his "Kertsch House" in downtown Braşov). Water was carried through ceramic pipes over a great distance, from springs on the other side of Tâmpa. Pipe deterioration eventually forced Braşov authorities to provide the aqueduct with water from the city area (popular myth still has it that water running through the aqueduct is spring water, and, occasionally, people still supply themselves directly from that location). Shards of ceramic pipes and a memorial plaque to the engineer P. Bartusch are still visible on the way to "Râpa Dracului" (going around the mountain).

Casa Pădurarului ("the Woodman's House") is a rustic restaurant located at the base of Tâmpa, about halfway along the pedestrian road there. Built at the beginning of the 20th century, it served as a place of rest for the residents of Braşov who would walk along the promenade below Tâmpa. Near this restaurant, rebuilt in the 2000s after suffering a fire, the ski lift starts its course, taking passengers in less than three minutes to the Panoramic restaurant, located atop the mountain.

In 1986, a television tower as well as a restaurant were built on Tâmpa's crest. Today, the tower receives a signal from Postăvaru and transmits it to the city below (initially with 10 kW, but today with just 2 kW), while the Panoramic restaurant, situated in a favourable location, offers excellent views of the city from its dining hall. The Aro-Palace society owns the restaurant. The ski lift terminus is also located beneath the tower. Before 1989, when tourists exited the ski lift, they were met by an enormous stuffed brown bear, standing menacingly on two feet. At the same time as this complex was built, a short distance away, a flagpole was built. In 2004, the Braşov County Council guaranteed festive lighting for it, installing a powerful laser reflector that lights up the sky a good part of every evening.

tories

The tunnels and the lake

A story has it that there was a tunnel connecting Casa Sfatului with a cave under "Şaua Tâmpei", in which German prisoners of war were held during World War I, with both ends of the tunnel blocked.

At the beginning on the 1940s, there was a proposal to dig a tunnel under Mount Tâmpa, to connect the Old City with Valea Cetăţii neighborhood. After Romania entered World War II, the project was abandoned. During the Communist period, when massive construction projects were undertaken in Răcădău, with over 10,000 apartments built, the plans for the tunnel were resurrected. One such plan, drafted in 1979, envisioned an East-West tunnel, with a length of 842 m, width of 9.8 m, and height of 7.65 m. The construction would have involved excavating 100,000 m³ of rock, at a cost (in 1984) of 163 million lei. Another estimate, done in 2003 by the Braşov County Council, put the cost of building the tunnel ar near 11 million euros.

A long-held belief is that there is a big lake inside the mountain. Drilling the tunnel may lead to flooding the city. Yet no concrete evidence of such a lake has ever been found.

What is known for sure is that there are three or four tunnels under Tâmpa, only one of which is usable at present. This tunnel connects Casa Sfatului with one of the towers of the old citadel (Turnul Cuţitarilor or Bastionul Postăvarilor). Due to the danger of cave-ins the tunnels pose, they are all shut with metal grates. It is said that during the bombing of Romania in World War II, one of the tunnels was blocked by debris, burying alive those people who had taken refuge in there.

The stone bench

At the foot of Tâmpa, along the southeast side of the old fortress walls, there is a tree-lined path—a favorite strolling spot for the inhabitants. Among the wooden benches lining the path, there lies a small bench carved from a rock. It is said that the rock fell from the mountain, burying two lovers that were embracing on that place. A document from 1817 mentions the story, giving the name of the woman killed by the rock as Ana Maria.

Oraşul Stalin

On August 19, 1946, there was a big fire on Tâmpa, that burned out parts of the forest covering the mountain. In the early 1950s, after Braşov was renamed "Oraşul Stalin" ("see List of places named after Stalin"), the authorities started planting fir trees, so that the word "STALIN" would be clearly visible from the city. Over the years, vegetation has blurred the word made out by the trees. Yet, to this day (especially in the winter), one may still distinguish the marking "ALIN" when coming on the road from the Burzenland. ["ibid."]

In popular culture

The soccer team FC Braşov is nicknamed "Diavolii de sub Tâmpa" (The Tâmpa Devils).

Image gallery

Notes

Bibliography

*"Braşovul de altădată" — Sextil Puşcariu, Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 1977
*"Braşov • ghid turistic" — Silviu Pop, Ştefan Princz, Ed. Pentru Turism, Bucharest, 1974
*"Zalmoxis - Tempus - Corona", Florin Olteanu, in "Karpaten Rundschau", nr. 38-1587-/24.IX.1982

External links

* [http://www.brasovtravelguide.ro/en/brasov/sightseeing/tampa.php "Tâmpa Mountain and Tiberiu Brediceanu Alley"] , at brasovtravelguide.ro
*ro icon [http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi2001/current6/mi40.htm "Muntele Tâmpa şi Simbolurile Sale"] , by Bogdan Florin Popovici
*ro icon [http://destinatii.liternet.ro/destinatii.php?art=74 "Troiţe dispărute"] , by Vasile Oltean
*hu icon [http://mars.elte.hu/varak/brassocenk/cenktortenet.htm About Tâmpa]
*hu icon [http://mars.elte.hu/varak/brassocenk/cenkterkepek.htm Maps of Tâmpa]