Eastern journey of Nicholas II

The eastern journey of Nicholas II in 1890–1891 was a notable round-the-world voyage of Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich of Russia. The total length of the journey was more than 51,000 km, including 15,000 km of railways and 22,000 km of sea routes. During his visit to the Empire of Japan, Nicholas was the target of a failed assassination attempt.

Background

After the Grand Embassy of Peter I, a long trip for educational purposes became an important part of training for the state activity of the members of the Russian Imperial house. In 1890 Emperor Alexander III of Russia decided to establish the Trans-Siberian Railway and his heir Tsarevich Nicholas took part in the opening ceremony.

Voyage

On 23 October, after the church service in Gatchina, the Tsarevich went by train via Vienna to Trieste where he boarded the cruiser "Pamiat Azova" ("Memory of Azov"). This route was selected because of probable diplomatic difficulties concerning with intention of the Ottoman Empire to keep the straits of Bosporus and Dardanelles closed.

From Trieste the expedition came to the port Piraeus, where Nicholas met his godmother Olga Konstantinovna of Russia and her husband King George I of Greece. Their son Prince George of Greece and Denmark was included into the flagship's crew as an officer. From Greece the Tsarevich navigated to Port Said in Egypt. During the time his ship passed the Suez Canal, Nicholas with his retinue traveled along the Nile to the modern Aswan.

From Suez they went to Aden and on 11 December arrived in Bombay. Here Nicholas started long trans-Indian trip, which ended in Colombo. In India Nicholas visited all the important places, including the Taj Mahal and the Harimandir Sahib (Golden Temple). Here he bought numerous exotic works of art, later transferred to several Russian museums.

Leaving Ceylon on 31 January, the expedition continued to Singapore, the island of Java and Bangkok. In Siam the future Emperor spent one week as a guest of King Rama V. Nicholas received an Order and wealthy gifts. On 13 March he entered Nanking and started here the Chinese part of his voyage, visiting tea plantations and manufactures.

On 15 April 1891, accompanied by six ships of the Imperial Russian Navy, Nicholas arrived in the Empire of Japan. The Russian Pacific Fleet with the Tsarevich first called on Kagoshima, then Nagasaki, and then Kobe. From Kobe, the Tsarevich journeyed overland to Kyoto, where he was met by a delegation headed by Prince Arisugawa Takahito. As this was the first visit by such an important foreign prince to Japan, and as the military influence of the Russian Empire was growing rapidly in the far east, the Japanese government placed heavy emphasis on using this visit to foster better Russo-Japanese relations. Prince Nicholas showed interest in the Japanese traditional crafts, had a tattoo on his body, and bought an ornamental hairpin for a Japanese girl who happened to be near him. On 29 April, the famous Otsu Scandal occurred.

On 7 May Nicholas departed from Kobe and four days later arrived to Vladivostok. Here he accomplished the official part of his mission and returned by train to St. Petersburg.

ignificance

Prince Esper Ukhtomsky also took part in the journey, and collected important ethnographic notes about the places it visited. Later he published a splendid illustrated three-volume story of this voyage. More than 200 photos were taken by Vladimir Mendeleyev, a son of Dmitry Mendeleyev, who was a member of the "Memory of Azov" crew.

Timeline

*: departure from Gatchina;
*: departure from Trieste;
*–OldStyleDate|10 December|1890|27 November: visiting of Egypt;
*: arrival to Bombay;
*–OldStyleDate|12 January|1891|31 December: voyage in India
** Bombay;
** Agra;
** Lahore;
** Amritsar;
** Benares;
** Calcutta;
** Bombay;
** Madras;
*: arrival to Ceylon;
*: departure from Colombo;
*: arrival to Bangkok;
*: departure from Bangkok;
*: arrival to Hong Kong;
*: arrival to Nagasaki, Japan;
*: Otsu Scandal;
*: celebration of the 23rd birthday of Nicholas in Osaka;
*: departure from Kobe;
*: arrival to Vladivostok;
*: departure from Vladivostok;
*: arrival to St. Petersburg;

Trivia

* The Memory of Azov (Fabergé egg) has a miniature replica of the cruiser "Memory of Azov".

References

* E. E. Ukhtomsky "Eastern journey of His Imperial Majesty Tsarevich in 1890–1891", 1893–1897.

External links

* [http://www.kunstkamera.ru/exhibitions/na_vystavkah_v_drugih_muzeyah/arhiv/puteshestvie_na_vostok/ Eastern journey of Nicholas II]
* [http://wunderwaffe.narod.ru/Magazine/BKM/Pamat_Azova/04.htm History of the Memory of Azov]