Dominique de Gourgue

Floride française ("French Florida"), by Pierre du Val, 17th century.

Dominique (or Domingue) de Gourgue (1530–1593) was a French nobleman and soldier. He is best known for leading an attack against the Spanish in Florida in 1568, in response to the destruction of the French Fort Caroline. He was a captain in King Charles IX's army.

Youth

De Gourgue's early life is not well known. He came from the old and powerful family of Gourgue, one of the most important families of the French city of Bordeaux. He served in the Italian wars under Maréchal de Strozzi, was captured by Spaniards in 1557, and then by the Turks, and served several years in the galleys. After his return to France, he made a voyage to Brazil and the West Indies, and then entered the service of Duke de Guise, and was employed against the Huguenots.^[1]

Situation in the colonies

Philip II of Spain was a Catholic king who hated Protestants and considered them heretics, including the French Huguenots. His troops were ordered to kill any they found in the colonies. Thus, in 1565 there was a notorious massacre around Fort Caroline in what is now Jacksonville, Florida, by troops under Pedro Menéndez de Avilés. After capturing the fort and slaying nearly all his prisoners, Menéndez hung their bodies on trees, with the inscription, “Not as Frenchmen but as Lutherans.”^[2] The massacre aroused indignation in France among Protestants and Roman Catholics alike. The king sent complaints to the Spanish court, but Menéndez and his associates, instead of being punished for the deed, received rewards and honors.^[1]

Revenge

Embittered by the cruelty and indignity that he had received from the Spaniards, de Gourgue determined to avenge the death of his Protestant compatriots, though he was himself a Catholic.^[1] He sold everything he had and borrowed money from his brother Antoine in order to recruit a crew and charter three boats. He sailed to Cuba with two hundred men, never telling them the goal of their trip. Once in Cuba he made his intentions clear, and his crew approved his choice of revenge. Gourgue then moved to attack Spanish-held Fort Caroline, which they had renamed as Fort San Mateo, enlisting the aid of Fort Caroline's old allies, the Saturiwa and Tacatacuru, Timucua peoples from the area. The fort soon surrendered to de Gourgues' forces. The French and Indians killed the Spanish prisoners in retribution for the Fort Caroline and other massacres of Protestants.^[3] They hung the garrison with the inscription, “Not as Spaniards but as murderers.”^[2]

Later life

De Gourgue returned to the port of La Rochelle on 6 June 1568. He was received cordially by Monluc, governor of Bordeaux, but coldly by the court, which feared a rupture with Spain. For several years he lived in obscurity, almost in misery, at Rouen with the president of Mariguy, until restored to the king's favor in 1572. He was given command of a vessel, and participated in the Siege of La Rochelle, commanding the largest vessel of the squadron. In 1592 Don Antonio de Crato tendered him the command of his fleet to defend his right to the crown of Portugal against Philip II. While on the journey, de Gourgue died.^[1]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Appletons'
2. ^ ^{a b} Hannay
3. ^ Morison, p. 470

Sources

English

•  "Gourgues, Dominique Chevalier de". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900. 
•  Hannay, David (1911). "Avilés, Pedro Menéndez de". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 
• Morison, S. E. The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages AD 500-1600. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.

French

• Extraits de l'histoire coloniale de la Floride et de la Louisiane
• Lhoumeau, Hélène "Les expéditions françaises en Floride (1562-1568)"
• Document de la main de Gourgues
• Guerin, Léon "Les navigateurs Français", 1847
• Weiss, Charles, Histoire des réfigiés protestants de France, 1853.

Persondata
Name	Gourgue, Dominique de
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1530
Place of birth
Date of death	1593
Place of death