Thioredoxin reductase

protein
Name = thioredoxin reductase 1
caption =

---

HGNCid = 12437
Symbol = TXNRD1
AltSymbols =
EntrezGene = 7296
OMIM = 601112
RefSeq = NM_003330
UniProt = Q16881
PDB =
ECnumber = 1.8.1.9
Chromosome = 12
Arm = q
Band = 23
LocusSupplementaryData = -q24.1protein
Name = thioredoxin reductase 2
caption =


width =
HGNCid = 18155
Symbol = TXNRD2
AltSymbols =
EntrezGene = 10587
OMIM = 606448
RefSeq = NM_006440
UniProt = Q9NNW7
PDB =
ECnumber = 1.8.1.9
Chromosome = 22
Arm = q
Band = 11.21
LocusSupplementaryData = protein
Name = thioredoxin reductase 3
caption =


width =
HGNCid = 20667
Symbol = TXNRD3
AltSymbols =
EntrezGene = 114112
OMIM = 606235
RefSeq = XM_051264
UniProt = Q86VQ6
PDB =
ECnumber = 1.8.1.9
Chromosome = 3
Arm = p
Band = 13
LocusSupplementaryData = -q13.33

Thioredoxin Reductase (TR, TrxR) (EC number|1.8.1.9) are the only known enzymes to reduce thioredoxin (Trx). [cite journal |author=Mustacich D, Powis G |title=Thioredoxin reductase |url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=10657232 |journal=Biochem J |volume=346 Pt 1 |issue= |pages=1–8 |year= |pmid=10657232]

Diversity

All known kingdom of organisms contain thioredoxin reductase. Two types of thioredoxin reductase evolved independently:
* prokaryotes, archaea and most plants have one type.
* higher eukaryotes and some plants contain a different one that contains selenocysteine.

Three TRs exist in animals: TR1, TR3, and TGR. Both TR1 [cite journal |author=Jakupoglu C, Przemeck G, Schneider M et al. |title=Cytoplasmic thioredoxin reductase is essential for embryogenesis but dispensable for cardiac development |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=1980–8 |year=2005 |pmid=15713651 |doi=10.1128/MCB.25.5.1980-1988.2005] and TR3 [cite journal |author=Conrad M, Jakupoglu C, Moreno S et al. |title=Essential role for mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase in hematopoiesis, heart development, and heart function |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=24 |issue=21 |pages=9414–23 |year=2004 |pmid=15485910 |doi=10.1128/MCB.24.21.9414-9423.2004] are essential proteins for mouse embryogenesis.

Clinical significance

Since the activity of this enzyme is essential for cell growth and survival, it is a good target for anti-tumor therapy.

For example, motexafin gadolinium (MGd) is a new chemotherapeutic agent that selectively targets tumor cells, leading to cell death and apoptosis via inhibition of thioredoxin reductase and ribonucleotide reductase. [cite journal |author=Hashemy S, Ungerstedt J, Zahedi Avval F, Holmgren A |title=Motexafin gadolinium, a tumor-selective drug targeting thioredoxin reductase and ribonucleotide reductase |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=281 |issue=16 |pages=10691–7 |year=2006 |pmid=16481328 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M511373200]

References

External links

*