Artificial chemistry

An artificial chemistry is a computer model used to simulate various types of systems. Artificial chemistry is in some ways similar to a chemical reaction, hence the name. The field of artificial chemistry originated in artificial life but has shown to be a versatile method with applications in many fields such as chemistry, economics, sociology and linguistics.

Formal definition

An artificial chemistry is defined in general as a triple (S,R,A). In some cases it is sufficient to define it as a tuple (S,I).

*S is the set of possible molecules S={s₁...,s_n}, where n is the number of elements in the set, possibly infinite.
*R is a set of n-ary operations on the molecules in S, the reaction rules R={r₁...,r_n}. Each rule r_i is written like a chemical reaction a+b+c->a*+b*+c*. Note here that r_i are operators, as opposed to +.
*A is an algorithm describing how to apply the rules R to a subset P$subset$S.
*I are the interaction rules of the molecules in S.

Types of artificial chemistries

* depending on the space of possible molecules
** finite
** infinite

* depending on the type of reactions
** catalytic systems
** reactive systems

* depending on the space topology
** well stirred reactor
** topologically arranged (1,2,3 dimensional)

Important concepts

* Organizations: An organization is a set of molecules that is closed and self-maintaining. As such, it is a set that does not create anything outside itself, and such that any molecule inside the set can be generated within the set.
* Closed sets
* Self-maintaining sets
* Hasse diagram of organizations

History of artificial chemistries

Artificial chemistries emerged as a sub-field of artificial life, in particular from strong artificial life. The idea behind this field was that if one wanted to build something alive, it had to be done by a combination of non-living entities. For instance, a cell is itself alive, and yet is a combination of non-living molecules. Artificial chemistry enlists, among others, researchers that believe in an extreme bottom-up approach to artificial life.

Important contributors

The first reference about artificial Chemistries come from a Technical paper written by John McCaskill. Walter Fontana working with Leo Buss then took up the work developing the AlChemy model. The model was presented at the second International Conference of Artificial Life. In his first papers he presented the concept of organization, as a set of molecules that is algebraically closed and self-maintaining.

Two main schools of artificial chemistries have been in Japan and Germany. In Japan the main researchers have been Takashi Ikegami, Hideaki Suzuki and Yasuhiro Suzuki. In Germany, it was Wolfgang Banzhaf, who, together with his students Peter Dittrich and Jens Ziegler, developed variousartificial chemistry models. Their 2001 paper 'Artificial Chemistries - A Review' became a standard in the field. Jens Ziegler, as part of his PhD thesis, proved that an artificial chemistry could be used to control a small Khepera robot. Among other models, Peter Dittrich developed the Seceder model which is able to explain group formation in society through some simple rules. Since then he became a professor in Jena where he investigates artificial chemistries as a way to define a general theory of constructive dynamical systems.

Applications of artificial chemistries

Artificial Chemistries are often used in the study of protobiology, trying to bridge the gap between chemistry and biology.A further motivation to study artificial chemistries is the interest in constructive dynamical systems. Yasuhiro Suzuki have been modeled various systems such as membrane systems, signaling pathways (P53), ecosystems, enzyme systems by using his mehod, abstract rewriting system on multisets (ARMS).

ee also

*Cellular automata
*computational chemistry - the use of simplified models to simulate chemical interactions

External links and references

* [http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~cs6211/papers/artchemreview.pdf Artificial chemistries--a review(pdf file)]
* [http://www.sq3.org.uk/wiki.pl?Papers Tim Hutton's Papers & Talks] - includes several papers on artificial chemistries for artificial life
* [http://www.minet.uni-jena.de/~biosys/twiki/bin/view.pl/ACHEM/WebHome the ARTIFICIAL CHEMISTRY wepage] of Peter Dittrich's workgroup.
* [http://protobiology.org the protobiology.org website]