Sigma-1 receptor

protein
Name=opioid receptor, sigma 1
caption=


width=
HGNCid=8157
Symbol=OPRS1
AltSymbols=
EntrezGene=10280
OMIM=601978
RefSeq=NM_147157
UniProt=Q2TSD1
PDB=
ECnumber=
Chromosome=9
Arm=
Band=
LocusSupplementaryData=The sigma-1 receptor is a transmembrane protein expressed in many different tissue types. It is particularly concentrated in certain regions of the central nervous system.cite journal | author = Weissman AD, Su TP, Hedreen JC, London ED | title = Sigma receptors in post-mortem human brains | journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. | volume = 247 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–33 | year = 1988 | pmid = 2845055 | doi = | issn = ] It has been implicated in myriad phenomena, including cardiovascular function, schizophrenia, clinical depression, the effects of cocaine abuse, and cancer.cite journal | author = Guitart X, Codony X, Monroy X | title = Sigma receptors: biology and therapeutic potential | journal = Psychopharmacology (Berl.) | volume = 174 | issue = 3 | pages = 301–19 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15197533 | doi = 10.1007/s00213-004-1920-9 | issn = ] cite journal | author = Zhang H, Cuevas J | title = sigma Receptor activation blocks potassium channels and depresses neuroexcitability in rat intracardiac neurons | journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. | volume = 313 | issue = 3 | pages = 1387–96 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15764734 | doi = 10.1124/jpet.105.084152 | issn = ] Furthermore, although much is known about the binding affinity of hundreds of compounds to the sigma-1 receptor, an endogenous ligand has never been conclusively identified.

Characteristics

The sigma-1 receptor is defined by its unique pharmacological profile. In 1976 Martin reported that the effects of N-allyl-normetazocine (SKF-10,047) could not be due to μ and κ receptors and a new type of opioid receptor was proposed.cite journal | author = Martin WR, Eades CG, Thompson JA, Huppler RE, Gilbert PE | title = The effects of morphine- and nalorphine- like drugs in the nondependent and morphine-dependent chronic spinal dog | journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. | volume = 197 | issue = 3 | pages = 517–32 | year = 1976 | pmid = 945347 | doi = | issn = ] However, ligands to this new “opioid” receptor could not be blocked by opioid antagonists naloxone and naltrexone. Consequently, the opioid classification was eventually dropped and the receptor was later termed the sigma-1 receptor. It was found to have affinity for a number of specific stereoisomers ("e.g.", (+)-pentazocine and (+)-cyclazocine), a diverse group of psychoactive chemicals such as haloperidol and cocaine, and neurosteroids like progesterone.cite journal | author = Su TP, Hayashi T | title = Understanding the molecular mechanism of sigma-1 receptors: towards a hypothesis that sigma-1 receptors are intracellular amplifiers for signal transduction | journal = Curr. Med. Chem. | volume = 10 | issue = 20 | pages = 2073–80 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12871086 | doi = | issn = ]

tructure

The sigma-1 receptor is an integeral membrane protein with 223 amino acids. Interestingly, it does not bear a resemblance to any other known mammalian protein. It does, however, share 30% identity and 66% homology with fungal sterol isomerase, while at the same time lacking sterol isomerase enzymatic activity. ] Hydropathy analysis of the sigma-1 receptor indicates three hydrophobic regions, with some evidence for two transmembrane segments. A crystal structure of the sigma-1 receptor is unavailable.

Functions

A variety of specific physiological functions have been attributed to the sigma-1 receptor. Chief among these are modulation of Ca²⁺ release, modulation of cardiac myocyte contractility, and inhibition of voltage gated K⁺ channels.cite journal | author = Monassier L, Bousquet P | title = Sigma receptors: from discovery to highlights of their implications in the cardiovascular system | journal = Fundamental & clinical pharmacology | volume = 16 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–8 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11903506 | doi = | issn = ] The reasons for these effects are not well understood, even though sigma-1 receptors have been linked circumstantially to a wide variety of signal transduction pathways. Links between sigma-1 receptors and G-proteins have been suggested, but there is also some evidence against this hypothesis.cite journal | author = Hong W, Werling LL | title = Evidence that the sigma(1) receptor is not directly coupled to G proteins | journal = Eur. J. Pharmacol. | volume = 408 | issue = 2 | pages = 117–25 | year = 2000 | pmid = 11080517 | doi = | issn = ] The sigma-1 receptor has been shown to appear in a complex with voltage gated K⁺ channels (K_v 1.4 and K_v 1.5), leading to the idea that sigma-1 receptors are auxiliary subunits.cite journal | author = Lupardus PJ, Wilke RA, Aydar E, Palmer CP, Chen Y, Ruoho AE, Jackson MB | title = Membrane-delimited coupling between sigma receptors and K⁺ channels in rat neurohypophysial terminals requires neither G-protein nor ATP | journal = J. Physiol. (Lond.) | volume = 526 Pt 3 | issue = | pages = 527–39 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10922005 | doi = | issn = ] Sigma-1 receptors apparently co-localize with IP₃ receptors on the endoplasmic reticulum.cite journal | author = Hayashi T, Su TP | title = Regulating ankyrin dynamics: Roles of sigma-1 receptors | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 98 | issue = 2 | pages = 491–6 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11149946 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.021413698 | issn = ] Also, sigma-1 receptors have been shown to appear in galactoceramide enriched domains at the endoplasmic reticulum of mature oligodendrocytes.cite journal | author = Hayashi T, Su TP | title = Sigma-1 receptors at galactosylceramide-enriched lipid microdomains regulate oligodendrocyte differentiation | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 101 | issue = 41 | pages = 14949–54 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15466698 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0402890101 | issn = ] The wide scope and effect of ligand binding on sigma-1 receptors has led some to believe that sigma-1 receptors are intracellular signal transduction amplifiers. ]

Knockout mice

Sigma-1 receptor knockout mice were created recently. Strangely, the mice demonstrated no overt phenotype.cite journal | author = Langa F, Codony X, Tovar V, Lavado A, Giménez E, Cozar P, Cantero M, Dordal A, Hernández E, Pérez R, Monroy X, Zamanillo D, Guitart X, Montoliu L | title = Generation and phenotypic analysis of sigma receptor type I (sigma 1) knockout mice | journal = Eur. J. Neurosci. | volume = 18 | issue = 8 | pages = 2188–96 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14622179 | doi = | issn = ] As expected, however, they did lack locomotor response to the sigma ligand (+)-SKF-100,047 and displayed reduced response to formalin induced pain. Speculation has focused on the ability of other receptors in the sigma family ("e.g.", sigma-2, with similar binding properties) to compensate for the lack of sigma-1 receptor. ]

External links

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References