Hood Canal Bridge

Infobox Bridge
bridge_name = Hood Canal Bridge


caption =
official_name = William A. Bugge Bridge
carries = Washington SR 104
crosses = Hood Canal
locale = Kitsap and Jefferson counties, Washington
maint = Washington State DOT
id =
design = Pontoon bridge
mainspan =
length = convert|7869|ft|m|abbr=on
width =
height =
load =
clearance =
below =
traffic = 13327 (2002) [ [http://nationalbridges.com/nbi_record.php?StateCode=53&struct=0005710A0000000 SR 104, East Half] , and [http://nationalbridges.com/nbi_record.php?StateCode=53&struct=0011964A0000000 SR 104, West Half] , from National Bridge Inventory]
begin =
complete =
open = August 12, 1961
closed =
toll =
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coordinates = coord|47|51|35|N|122|37|28|W|region:US_type:landmark
lat =
long = The Hood Canal Bridge is located in Washington state in the USA on State Route 104 and connects the Olympic Peninsula and the Kitsap Peninsula across Hood Canal. It is 7,869 feet (2,398 m) long, making it the longest floating bridge in the world located in a saltwater tidal basin, and the third longest floating bridge overall. It was the second concrete floating bridge constructed in Washington State and first opened in 1961. Since that time, it has become a vital link for local residents, freight haulers, commuters, and recreational travelers. The convenience it provides has had a major impact on economic development, especially in eastern Jefferson County.

The full title of the Hood Canal Bridge, the William A. Bugge bridge, was named after the director of the Department of Highways, William A. Bugge (1900-1992), from 1949 to 1963 who was a leader in the planning and construction of the bridge. The bridge, however, has continued to be popularly known as the Hood Canal Bridge.

History

Design, fabrication, and construction

The design and planning process for the Hood Canal Bridge took nearly a decade amid criticism from some engineers throughout that time. Critics questioned the use of floating pontoons over salt water, especially at a location where tide fluctuations vary as much as eighteen feet and the funneling effect of the Hood Canal might magnify the intensity of winds and tides. The depth of the water, however, made construction of support columns for other bridge types prohibitively expensive.

The pontoons for the bridge were fabricated in the Duwamish Waterway in Seattle, Washington. During fabrication two of the pontoons sank.When they were attached for the first time, and then towed into place and anchored, sea conditions in the Hood Canal were too severe and the pontoons were returned to a nearby bay until a better method of attaching could be devised. The architects and the contractor decided the design was faulty. A new contractor was hired and the design modified. It was decided to use a large rubber dam between each of the two pontoons as they were attached, clean the concrete surfaces of all marine growth, epoxy, and tension them with a number of cables welded to a variety of attachment points. This system seemed to work from when the bridge opened in 1961 until the disaster of 1979.

1979 sinking

The Hood Canal Bridge suffered catastrophic failure during the February 13, 1979 Windstorm. During the night the bridge had withstood sustained winds of up to 85 mph (137 km/h) and gusts estimated at 120 mph (193 km/h), and finally succumbed at about 7:00 a.m., February 13. [ [http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5501 "Hood Canal Bridge sinks during a severe storm on Tuesday, February 13, 1979"] ] The western drawspan and the pontoons of the western half had broken loose and sank, despite the drawspan being opened to relieve lateral pressure.

At the time of the failure, the bridge had been closed to highway traffic and the tower crew had evacuated; no casualties resulted. Evidence points to blown-open hatches allowing flooding of the pontoons as the cause of the sinking.

West-half reconstruction and 1982 re-opening

Efforts to repair the bridge began immediately and Washington Secretary of Transportation William A. Bulley secured a commitment of federal emergency relief money for the project. On June 15, 1979 actual work began with the removal of the west truss and transport for storage. The Washington State Department of Transportation attempted to mitigate the impact of the disaster by redirecting traffic to US Highway 101 to drive around the 50 mile (80 km) Hood Canal and by re-establishing the Washington State ferry run between Lofall and South Point across the canal just south of the bridge. This route had been discontinued after the 1961 bridge opening and the state needed to re-acquire access to and restore operational conditions on both landings. During the course of the closure an additional ferry route was temporarily added between Edmonds and Port Townsend.

The Hood Canal Bridge re-opened to vehicular traffic on October 25, 1982. The west-half replacement had been designed and constructed in less than three years using $100 million in federal emergency bridge replacement funds at a total cost of $143 million.

The bridge re-opened as a toll bridge, but tolls were lifted in 1985 after a court ruling that the insurance settlement constituted repayment of the construction bonds, and since federal funds were used in re-constructing the bridge, the Washington State Department of Transportation could not charge tolls after the bonds were retired.

East-half replacement

The Washington State Department of Transportation is a pioneer in designing and building floating bridges: it holds the record for the first and the longest floating bridges, and four of the 11 permanent floating bridges in the world are in the Puget Sound region.

Currently, the Washington State Department of Transportation is replacing the east-half floating portion of the bridge, the east and west approach spans, the east and west transition spans and updating the west-half electrical system. The total cost of the project, about $471 million, is being paid by state, federal and agency funds. Beginning in May 2009, the bridge will be closed to traffic for six to eight weeks when the old pontoons of the east-half are cut away and the new pontoons are floated into position, cabled together and connected by cables to large anchors on the sea floor. The transition spans and center draw span will also be replaced during this closure.

The pontoons and anchors for the bridge could not be built at the bridge site due to space and facility limitations. WSDOT evaluated different sites at which to build during a site selection process. The Port Angeles graving dock was chosen for its accessibility to water and land as well as the work force. Before purchase, the National Historic Preservation Act required archaeologists to perform a review of the historical site. At that time, “there was no evidence of historic properties or cultural resources” (NEPA Re-evaluation Consultation, FHWA) and WSDOT was able to purchase the site and begin construction.

Within the first two weeks of construction, artifacts were found from an ancestral burial ground from an ancient village called Tse-whit-zen. WSDOT stopped all work on the site, and a government-to-government consultation process began among the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe, WSDOT, the Federal Highway Administration, the Army Corps of Engineers, and the State Historical Preservation Office. On August 14, 2006, WSDOT agreed to donate the site to the Lower Elwha Klallam tribe, rebury all remains uncovered, and pay $2.5 million in damages. Associated Press. "Settlement reached in Indian burial site" http://www.myrtlebeachonline.com/mld/myrtlebeachonline/news/breaking_news/15274953.htm August 14, 2006 (accessed September 19, 2006)]

It is believed that this discovery may be documentation of the first time that Natives and non-Natives began to interact on this shoreFact|date=July 2007. These historical findings will be investigated thoroughly by the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe and archaeologists.

On December 21, 2004, Governor Locke and Secretary MacDonald announced that WSDOT would stop pontoon and anchor construction at the Tse-whit-zen site in Port Angeles and begin searching for a more suitable place to build. Many sites were considered but the best option to be found by WSDOT was in Tacoma, Wash. at Concrete Technology.

Construction began on the new east-half floating pontoons at Concrete Technology in April 2006. Fourteen pontoons will be built in four cycles at the site. Completed pontoons will be floated out of the graving dock in Tacoma and transported to Seattle for outfitting at Todd Shipyards. Outfitting includes adding all electrical and mechanical parts, connecting the pontoons into sections and building the roadway on top of the pontoons. Another three pontoons, built during the west-half bridge replacement in the early 1980s, will be retrofitted in Seattle.

When the project is complete, the Hood Canal Bridge will be wider, safer, and more affordable to maintainFact|date=July 2007.

Usage

In planning for a prolonged closure of the bridge for the east-half replacement, the Washington State Department of Transportation conducted a five-day survey of bridge usage in early June 1998 in order to assess closure impact and plan effective mitigation strategies. The survey was in three stages: A video camera count of traffic on weekdays (Tuesday and Wednesday) and a weekend (Friday through Sunday) to estimate average volume; the use of that video to record license plate numbers for vehicle registration addresses to assess which communities would be most affected; and the mailing of a questionnaire to the registered owners of those vehicles seeking information on trip origin, destination, and purpose, and choice of travel alternatives during a bridge closure.

The video count produced a weekday average of 14,915 trips/day and a weekend average of 18,759 trips/day. The vehicle registration information indicated that a majority of trips were by residents of from communities near the bridge. The most represented communities were, in numerical order, Port Ludlow (8%), Port Townsend (7%), Port Angeles (6%), Seattle (6%), Sequim (5%), Poulsbo (5%), Bremerton (4%), Port Hadlock (2%), and Silverdale (2%).

The questionnaires revealed that a majority of trips were to and/or from communities near the bridge. On the weekend 48% of westbound trips originated on the north and central Kitsap Peninsula, with 88% of the destinations in areas near Port Ludlow, Port Townsend, Sequim, and Port Angeles. For weekday trips, nearly 55% of westbound trips originated in northern or central Kitsap County with 90% of the destinations in the Port Ludlow, Port Townsend, Sequim, and Port Angeles areas. A large number of eastbound weekday morning trips appeared to be for commuting purposes, with 92% of originating in Port Ludlow, Port Townsend, Sequim, or Port Angeles, and 60% with central or northern Kitsap County as a destination, and 32% ending in King and Snohomish counties. The evening westbound trips seemed to mirror the morning patterns. When asked the purpose of their trips, respondents reported that for weekend trips 21% were for recreational, 21% for social, 19% for personal, 18% for work, 6% for business, and 4% for medical reasons. For weekday trips 33% were for work, 17% for personal, 14% for business, 11% for medical, 9% for social, and 8% for recreational reasons.

Interesting Facts

* The overall bridge length is 7,869 feet (2,398 m). It has a center draw span opening of 600 feet (183 m).
* The east approach span weighs more than 3,800 tons (3.4 Mg) and the west approach span weighs more than 1,000 tons (907 Mg)
* Average daily traffic across the Hood Canal Bridge is approximately 15,000 vehicles. Peak volumes reach 20,000 vehicles on summer weekends.
* The water depth below the pontoons ranges from 80 to 340 feet (24 to 104 m). In its marine environment, the bridge is exposed to tide swings of 16.5 feet (5 m).
* During inclement weather, the draw span is retracted (closing the bridge to vehicle traffic) when winds of 40 miles per hour (64 km/h) or more are sustained for 15 minutes.

Historical Construction Facts

* Construction of the current Hood Canal Bridge, located on State Route (SR) 104, began January 1958 and opened to traffic on August 12, 1961.
* Cost to construct the original bridge was $26.6 million.
* The pontoons for the floating bridge were originally constructed at a graving dock along the Duwamish River in Seattle and towed by tug boats to the bridge site.
* After the west half of the bridge sank in 1979, the costs for replacement of the west half and rehabilitation of the east-half was $143 million. The bridge reopened in October 1982 after three years of construction.

ources

*Burows, Alyssa. [http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=7289 "Bulley, William A. (b. 1925)"] in the HistoryLink.org Cyberpedia Library, Essay 7289. March 28, 2005 (retrieved July 24, 2006).
*Burows, Alyssa. [http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=7256 "William Adair Bugge assumes duties as Director of Highways on July 1, 1949"] in the HistoryLink.org Timeline Library, Essay 7256. March 5, 2005 (retrieved July 24, 2006).
*Hamilton, Charles. [http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=7280 "Hood Canal Bridge opens on August 12, 1961"] in the HistoryLink.org Timeline Library, Essay 7280. March 17, 2005 (retrieved July 24, 2006).
* "Hood Canal Bridge East-Half Replacement Closure Mitigation Plan — Preferred Options". Washington State Department of Transportation and Bucher, Willis & Ratliff Corporation. February 2000. [http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/B2244DE6-6FA8-4B8C-83AF-55872C2463E8/4531/HCBClosure.PDF]

References

External links

* [http://www.hoodcanalbridge.com/ The SR 104 Hood Canal Bridge Project]
* [http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Projects/SR104HoodCanalBridgeEast/faq.htm Frequently Asked Questions]
* [http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/ The Washington State Department of Transportation]
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