Stephen aldehyde synthesis
- Stephen aldehyde synthesis
Stephen aldehyde synthesis, a named reaction in chemistry, was invented by Henry Stephen (OBE/MBE). This reaction involves the preparation of aldehydes (R-CHO) from nitriles (R-CN) using tin(II) chloride (SnCl2), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and quenching the resulting iminium salt ( [R-CH=NH2] +Cl-) with water (H2O). [cite journal | author = Stephen, H. | title = A new synthesis of aldehydes | journal = J. Chem. Soc., Trans. | year = 1925 | volume = 127 | pages = 1874–1877 | doi = 10.1039/CT9252701874]
Overall, the reaction scheme is as follows:
onn-Müller method
In the Sonn-Müller method [Sonn and Müller, Ber., 52, 1929 (1919).] [OrgSynth | title = "o"-Tolualdehyde | author = Jonathan W. Williams, Charles H. Witten, and John A. Krynitsky | collvol = 3 | collvolpages = 818 | year = 1955 | prep = cv3p0818] the intermediate iminium salt is obtained from reaction of an amide PhCONHPh with phosphorus pentachloride.
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