RMS Mauretania (1906)

RMS "Mauretania" (also known as "Maury"), sister ship of the RMS|Lusitania|3=2, was an ocean liner built by Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson at Wallsend, Tyne and Wear, and was launched on 20 September 1906. At the time, she was the largest and fastest ship in the world. Particularly notable was her steam turbine propulsion, which was a revolutionary development in ocean liner design.Maxtone-Graham, John. "The Only Way to Cross". New York: Collier Books, 1972, p.15-21, 43] "Floating Palaces." (1996) A&E. TV Documentary. Narrated by Fritz Weaver] "Mauretania" became a favourite among the passengers, [Maxtone-Graham 1972, p. 245] attributable to her luxury, speed, and safety.

The ship's name was taken from Mauretania a Roman Province on the northwest African coast, not related to the modern Mauritania. Similar nomenclature was also employed by "Mauretania"'s sister ship, the "Lusitania", which was named after the Roman province directly north of Mauretania, across the Strait of Gibraltar.

Beginning

In 1897 the German liner SS|Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse became the largest and fastest ship in the world. With a speed of convert|22|kn|km/h|0, it snatched the Blue Riband from Cunard Line's "Campania" and "Lucania". At around the same time American financier J. P. Morgan’s International Mercantile Marine Co. was attempting to monopolize the shipping trade, and had already acquired Britain's other major transatlantic line White Star.Maxtone-Graham 1972, p. 11] In the face of these threats Cunard Line was determined to regain the prestige of ocean travel back not only to the company, but also to Great Britain. In 1903, Cunard Line and the British government reached an agreement to build two superliners, the "Lusitania" and "Mauretania", with a guaranteed service speed of no less than 24 knots, the British government were to loan £ 2,600,000 for the construction of Mauretania and Lusitania at an interest rate of 2.75 % to be paid back over twenty years with a stipulation that the ships could be converted to Armed Merchant Cruisers if needed, also to fund these ships further the admiralty arranged for Cunard to be paid £150,000 per year increase to their mail subsidy. In 1906, "Mauretania" was launched by the Duchess of Roxburghe. [Maxtone-Graham 1972, p. 25] The main difference between the "Mauretania" and the "Lusitania" was that the "Mauretania" was five feet longer and had different vents ("Mauretania" had cowl vents and the "Lusitania" had oil drum shaped vents). "Mauretania" also had two extra stages of turbine blades in her forward turbines making her slightly faster than the "Lusitania". The "Mauretania" and "Lusitania" were the only ships with direct-drive steam turbines to hold the Blue Riband; later ships had reduction-geared turbines.Fact|date=March 2008

She left Liverpool on her maiden voyage on 16 November 1907 under the command of her first captain, John Pritchard and later that month captured the record for the fastest eastbound crossing of the AtlanticMaxtone-Graham 1972, p. 41-43] with an average speed of 23.69 knots (43.87 km/h). In September, 1909, the "Mauretania" captured the Blue Riband for the fastest westbound crossing - a record that was to stand for more than 20 years. In December 1910 "Mauretania" broke loose from her moorings while in the River Mersey and attained damage that caused the cancellation of her special speedy Christmas voyage to New York. In a quick change of events Cunard rescheduled "Mauretania"'s voyage for "Lusitania" under the command of James Charles (who was future commodore of the line) which had just returned from New York. "Lusitania" herself completed the voyage returning Christmas revellers back to New York.Fact|date=September 2007 On 26 January 1914, while "Mauretania" was in the middle of annual refit in Liverpool, four men were killed and six were injured when a gas cylinder exploded while they were working on one of her steam turbines. The damage was minimal and she returned to service two months later.

World War I

Shortly after Great Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914, "Mauretania" and "Aquitania" were requested by the British government to become an armed merchant cruiser, but their huge size and massive fuel consumption made them unsuitable for the duty; leading to them resuming their civilian service on 11 August. Later, due to lack of passengers crossing the Atlantic, "Mauretania" was laid up in Liverpool until May 1915, when her sister ship "Lusitania" was sunk by U-boat. "Mauretania" was about to fill the void left by "Lusitania", but she was ordered by the British government to serve as a troopship to carry British troops during the Gallipoli campaign. She avoided becoming prey for German U-boats because of her high speed and the seamanship of her crew. When combined forces from the British empire and France began to suffer heavy casualties, "Mauretania" was ordered to serve as a hospital ship, along with her fellow Cunarder "Aquitania" and White Star's "Britannic", in order to treat the wounded until 25 January 1916. Seven months later, "Mauretania" once again became a troop ship when requisitioned by the Canadian government to carry Canadian troops from Halifax to Liverpool. Her war duty was not yet over when the United States declared war on Germany in 1917, and she carried thousands of American troops until the end of the war.

Post-war career

"Mauretania" returned to civilian service on 21 September 1919. Her busy sailing schedule prevented her from having an extensive overhaul scheduled in 1920. However, in 1921 Cunard Line removed her from service when fire broke out on E-deck and decided to give her a much-needed overhaul. She returned to the Tyne shipyard of her birth, where her boilers were converted to oil-firing, and returned to service in March 1922; however, it was also noticed by Cunard that "Mauretania" was still struggling to maintain her service speeds and it was apparent that her once-revolutionary turbines were in desperate need of overhaul. In 1923, a major overhaul was begun in Southampton, involving the dismantling of the "Mauretania"'s turbines. Halfway through the overhaul, the shipyard workers went on strike and the work was halted, so Cunard had the ship towed to Cherbourg, where the work was completed at another shipyard. In May, 1924, the ship returned to Atlantic service.

In 1928 "Mauretania" was modernised with new interior design and in the next year her speed record was broken by a German liner, the "Bremen", with a speed of convert|28|kn|km/h|0. On 27 August, Cunard decided that the former ocean greyhound would have one final attempt to recapture the record from the newer German liner. She was taken out of service and her engines were modified to produce more power to give a higher service speed; however, this was still not enough. The "Bremen" simply represented a new generation of ocean liners that were far more powerful and technologically advanced than the ageing Cunarder. Even though "Mauretania" could not outrace her German rival, the ship did beat her own speed records both eastbound and westbound. In 1929 "Mauretania" collided with a train ferry near Robbins Reef; fortunately, no one was killed or injured and her damage was quickly repaired. In 1930, with a combination of the Great Depression and newer competitors on the Atlantic run, "Mauretania" became a dedicated cruise ship [Maxtone-Graham 1972, p. 340] When Cunard Line merged with White Star Line in 1934, "Mauretania", along with "Olympic", "Majestic" and other aging ocean liners, were deemed surplus to requirements and were withdrawn from service.

Demise

Cunard withdrew "Mauretania" from service following a final eastward crossing from New York to Southampton in September 1934. The final crossing was made at an average speed of 24 knots (her original contractual speed stipulation for her mail subsidy), and "Mauretania" was then laid up at Southampton awaiting her fate next to the former one time White Star Line flagship "Olympic". Thus marked the end of twenty eight years of service with Cunard.

In May 1935 her furnishings and fittings were put up for auction and of the 1st of July that year she departed Southampton for the last time to T.W Wards shipbreakers at Rosyth. One of her former captains, the now retired commodore Sir Arthur Rostron (captain of the RMS Carpathia during the "Titanic" rescue), came to see her on her final departure from Southampton. Rostron refused to go aboard "Mauretania" before her final journey, stating that he preferred to remember the ship as when he commanded her.

En route to the breakers, "Mauretania" stopped at her birthplace the Tyne for half an hour, where she drew crowds of sightseers and was boarded by the Lord Mayor of Newcastle. The mayor bid her farewell from the people of Newcastle, and her last captain, A.T. Brown, then resumed his course for Rosyth. The ship passed under the Forth Bridge (for which her masts had to be cut down), and was delivered to the shipbreakers.

The demise of the beloved "Mauretania" was protested by many of her fans, including President Franklin D. Roosevelt who wrote a private letter arguing against the scrapping.

Legacy

Some of the furnishings from the "Mauretania" were installed in a bar/restaurant complex in Bristol called the Mauretania Bar (now Java Bristol), situated at the bottom of Park Street (the hill leading to the Wills Memorial Building of Bristol University) behind the Council House on College Green. The lounge bar was paneled with mahogany, which came from her 1st class library. The neon sign on the south wall still advertises the "Mauretania," and her bow lettering was used above the entrance. Additionally, the 1st class reading-writing room has become the board room at Pinewood Studios, west of London.

The "Mauretania" is remembered in a song "Firing the Mauretania", with versions collected separately by Redd Sullivan and Hughie Jones. They both start "In 19 hundred and 24, I… got a job on the Mauretania"; but then go on to say "shovelling coal from morn till night" (not possible in 1924 as she was oil-fired by then); the number of "fires" is said to be either 64 or 34; but perversely the last verse on Hughie's version says "trimmers" not "stokers", so perhaps this is a reference to oil.

See also

*Comparison with the Olympic class
*RMS Mauretania (1938)

References

* "Mauretania", by Humfrey Jordan
* [http://www.atlanticliners.com/atlantic_liners_book.htm "Atlantic Liners: A Trio of Trios", by J. Kent Layton]

Notes

External links

* [http://www.tyneandweararchives.org.uk/mauretania/index.htm Tyne & Wear Archives Service Mauretania website]
* [http://www.tyneandweararchives.org.uk Tyne & Wear Archives Service main website]
* [http://www.atlanticliners.com/mauretania_home.htm "Mauretania Home" at "Atlantic Liners"]
* [http://www.maritimequest.com/liners/mauretania_page_1.htm Maritimequest RMS Mauretania Photo Gallery]

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