Spiritual gift

For the gifts listed in Isaiah 11:2-3, see Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit.

In Christianity, spiritual gifts (or charismata) are endowments given by the Holy Spirit.^[1] These are the supernatural graces which individual Christians need to fulfill the mission of the church.^[2][3] They are described in the New Testament, primarily in 1 Corinthians 12, Romans 12, and Ephesians 4. 1 Peter 4 also touches on the spiritual gifts.^[1] The gifts are related to both seemingly "natural" abilities and seemingly more "miraculous" abilities, but all spiritual gifts are empowered by the Holy Spirit.^[3] Spiritual gifts are distinguished from other graces of the Holy Spirit, such as the fruit of the Spirit and the Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit, in that the charismata are to be used for the benefit of others while the fruit of the Spirit and the Isaiahan gifts result in personal sanctification.^[4] The two major opposing theological positions on the nature of the charismata are cessationism and continuationism (see also Cessationism versus Continuationism).

Biblical and theological overview

The New Testament contains several lists of spiritual gifts, most authored by St. Paul. While each list is unique, there is overlap.

Romans 12:6-8	1 Corinthians 12:8-10	1 Corinthians 12:28	Ephesians 4:11	1 Peter 4:11
Prophecy Serving Teaching Exhortation Giving Leadership Mercy	Word of wisdom Word of knowledge Faith Gifts of healings Miracles Prophecy Distinguishing between spirits Tongues Interpretation of tongues	Apostle Prophet Teacher Miracles Kinds of healings Helps Administration Tongues	Apostle Prophet Evangelist Pastor-teacher	Whoever speaks Whoever renders service

Christians believe that the charismata were foretold by the Prophet Joel (2:28) and promised by Christ (Gospel of Mark 16:17,18). This promise was fulfilled on the Day of Pentecost and elsewhere as the church spread. In order to correct abuses concerning the spiritual gifts at Corinth, Paul devoted much attention to spiritual gifts in his First Epistle to the Corinthians (chapters 12-14).^[4]

In 1 Corinthians 12, two Greek terms are translated as "spiritual gifts". In verse 1, the word pneumatika ("spirituals" or "things of the Spirit") is used. In verse 4, charisma is used. This word is derived from the word charis, which means "grace". In verses 5 and 6, the words diakonia (translated "administrations", "ministries", or "service") and energemata ("operations" or "inworkings") are used in describing the nature of the spiritual gifts. In verse 7, the term "manifestation (phanerosis) of the Spirit" is used.^[5]

From these scriptural passages, Christians understand the spiritual gifts to be enablements or capacities that are divinely bestowed upon individuals. Because they are freely given by God, these cannot be earned or merited. Though worked through individuals, these are operations or manifestations of the Holy Spirit—not of the gifted person. They are to be used for the benefit of others, and in a sense they are granted to the church as a whole more than they are given to individuals. There is diversity in their distribution—an individual will not possess all of the gifts.^[5] The purpose of the spiritual gifts is to edify (build up), exhort (encourage), and comfort the church.^[6]

It is generally acknowledged that Paul did not list all of the gifts of the Spirit,^[4] and many believe that there are as many gifts as there are needs in the body of Christ.^[7] The gifts have at times been organized into distinct categories based on their similarities and differences to other gifts. Some divide them into three categories using Old Testament offices. "Prophetic" gifts include any gift involving teaching, encouraging, or rebuking others. "Priestly" gifts include showing mercy and care for the needy or involve intercession before God. "Kingly" gifts are those involving church administration or government.^[8] Others categorize them into "gifts of knowledge" (word of wisdom, word of knowledge, distinguishing between spirits), "gifts of speech" (tongues, interpretation, prophecy), and "gifts of power" (faith, healing, miracles).^[9] The gifts have also been categorized as those that promote the inner growth of the church (apostle, prophecy, distinguishing between spirits, teaching, word of wisdom/knowledge, helps, and administration) and those that promote the church's outer development (faith, miracles, healing, tongues, interpretation of tongues).^[4]

Proponents of cessationism distinguish between the "extraordinary", "miraculous", or "sign" gifts (such as prophecy, tongues, and healing) and the other gifts.^[10] Cessationism is held by some Protestants, especially from the Calvinist tradition, who believe that miraculous gifts and their operations were limited to early Christianity and "ceased" afterward.^[11] Other Protestants, mainly Pentecostals and charismatics, adhere to the continutionist position, believing that all the spiritual gifts are currently available and that they are normative in contemporary Christianity. In addition, Roman Catholicism^[12] and Eastern Orthodoxy also continue to believe in and make use of all of the spiritual gifts.

Descriptions

Apostle: The title apostle comes from the Greek word apostolos which means "a messenger, one sent forth with orders".^[13] It refers to one who has been delegated authority by another, especially for representation in a foreign land.^[14] Apostles were the first leaders of the Church; they were commissioned by Jesus to initiate and direct the preaching of the gospel. While the majority of Christians agree that the title of apostle is reserved for those among the first generation of Christians, many Christian denominations continue in one way or another to recognize a continuing apostolic ministry. Many churches, such as the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches, believe in the doctrine of apostolic succession, which holds that properly ordained bishops are the successors to the apostles. Other Christian groups, such as classical Pentecostals, consider the role of a missionary to be fulfilling an apostolic ministry.^[15] There are some Christians, however, who advocate restoring the Fivefold ministry, including the formal recognition of the office of apostle. Others would say that the office no longer exists.^[16]

Prophet: In the New Testament, the office of prophet is second only to the office of apostle (1 Corinthians 12:28; Ephesians 4:11).^[17] The prophet's corresponding gift is prophecy. Prophecy is "reporting something that God spontaneously brings to mind".^[18] Many, particularly Pentecostals and charismatics, distinguish between the "office of prophet" and the "gift of prophecy", believing that a Christian can possess the gift of prophecy without holding the prophetic office.^[19]

Evangelist: An evangelist is one who devotes himself to preaching the gospel. In the New Testament, evangelists preached from city to city, church to church.^[20]

Pastor: This term derives from a Greek word for "shepherd". Pastors are gifted to lead, guide, and set an example for other Christians. The grammatical structure of Ephesians 4:11 leads many to conclude that teacher and pastor should be considered one term (pastor-teacher). Even so, the two terms are not interchangeable; while all pastors are teachers, not all teachers are pastors.^[21]

Teacher: Someone who devotes his or her life to preaching and teaching the Christian faith. When teaching is provided for the Church by God, two gifts are actually given—to the Church is given a teacher and along with the teacher comes a divine capacity to teach.^[22]

Service: The word translated as "ministry" is diakonia, which can also be translated "service".^[22] Since there are many types of ministries and service to the Church, this then describes a broad array of gifts rather than a single gift.

Exhortation: The ability to motivate Christians "to patient endurance, brotherly love, and good works".^[23]

Giving: Those with this gift share their own possessions with others with extraordinary generosity. While all Christians should be givers, those possessing this gift will go beyond this normal giving.^[23]

Leading: This gift speaks to the various leadership roles found in the Church. While many think of roles such as administration, management of funds, strategy planning, etc. as functions outside of the supernatural realm, in reality individuals in these positions are just as in need of supernatural empowerment as are ministers of the gospel.^[24] Some writers consider the gifts of governments and leading to be the same gift, but others consider them closely related yet different.

Mercy: Possibly identical to the gift of helps, the mercy-shower possesses a ministry of visitation, prayer, and compassion to the poor and sick.^[24]

Word of wisdom: An utterance or message of wisdom supernaturally granted to an individual. For Paul, wisdom refers to "the knowledge of the great Christian mysteries: the Incarnation, Passion, and Resurrection of Christ, and the indwelling in the believer of the Spirit of God (1 Corinthians 2; Ephesians 1:17)".^[4]

Word of knowledge: The knowledge referred to is often said to relate to understanding Christian doctrine or scriptural truth.^[4] It is sometimes said to be connected with the ministry of teachers.

Faith: This refers to that strong or special faith "which removes mountains, casts out devils (Matthew 17:19,20), and faces the most cruel martyrdom without flinching".^[4] It is distinguished from the "saving" and "normal" Christian faith.^[25]

Gifts of healings: The ability to supernaturally minister healing to others. The plural indicates the variety of sickness healed and the many forms the gift takes.^[4]

Working of miracles: The performance of deeds beyond ordinary human ability by the power of the Holy Spirit.^[4]

Discerning of spirits: The capacity to discern, distinguish, or to discriminate the source of a spiritual manifestation—whether it emanates from a good or evil spirit. It seemed to have been particularly associated with prophecy as it would be necessary to know whether a prophetic utterance was truly inspired by God.^[4][26]

Tongues: The supernatural ability of speaking an unlearned language.^[4] Paul seems to have distinguished between the public use of the gift (which must always be interpreted) and the private use which was for the spiritual strengthening of oneself.^[27] Currently among Christians there is a dispute as to whether tongues were/are always xenoglossy (speaking an unlearned human language) or whether it also included/includes glossolalia (speaking an unlearned and allegedly non-human language of heavenly or angelic origin).

Interpretation of tongues: This gift always follows the public exercise of the gift of tongues.^[4] In 1 Corinthians 14, the Apostle Paul required that all speech in Christian worship should be intelligible. This required that speech given in an unknown tongue be interpreted in the common language of the gathered Christians.

Helps: This gift has to do with service to the sick and the poor.^[4] Possessor of this gift has a "spiritual burden and a God-given love for the needy and afflicted".^[28]

Administration: Also called the gift of governing,^[4] the Greek word translated "governments" is kubernesis, the verb form of which means "to steer" or "to be a helmsman". This gift then refers to the God-given capacity to lead or guide the Church through storms and difficult seas.^[28]

Other spiritual gifts

While not specifically defined as spiritual gifts in the Bible, other abilities and capacities have been considered as spiritual gifts by some Christians. Some are found in the New Testament such as:

• celibacy (I Corinthians 7:7)^[29]
• hospitality (1 Peter 4:9-10)^[30]
• intercession (Rom. 8:26:27)^[30]
• marriage (I Corinthians 7:7)^[31]
• (voluntary) poverty^{[citation needed]}
• (effective) witnessing (Acts 1:8, 5:32, 26:22, 1 John 5:6)^[30]

Others are found in the Old Testament such as:

• craftsmanship (such as the special abilities given to artisans who constructed the Tabernacle in Exodus 35:30-33)^[30]
• interpretation of dreams (e.g. Joseph and Daniel)^{[citation needed]}
• spiritual music, poetry, and prose^[30]

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "Spiritual gifts". A Dictionary of the Bible by W. R. F. Browning. Oxford University Press Inc. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Accessed 22 June 2011.
2. ^ "Charismata". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Ed F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone. Oxford University Press Inc. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Accessed 22 June 2011.
3. ^ ^{a b} Wayne Grudem, Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine (Zondervan, 1994): 1016-1017.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n} Wilhelm, Joseph (1908). "Charismata". The Catholic Encyclopedia. III. Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03588e.htm. Retrieved 21 June 2011. 
5. ^ ^{a b} Guy P. Duffield and Nathaniel M. Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, 1983, (Los Angeles: Foursquare Media, 2008), p. 332-333.
6. ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, p. 334.
7. ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, p. 335.
8. ^ Grudem, Systematic Theology, p. 1021.
9. ^ Sumrall, Lester "The Gifts of the Holy Spirit" pg. 25 Aug 2000
10. ^ Easton, Matthew George. "Gifts, spiritual". Easton's Bible Dictionary. 1897. Accessed June 22, 2011.
11. ^ Ruthven, Jon. On the Cessation of the Charismata: The Protestant Polemic on Post-Biblical Miracles. Deo Press, 1993, rev. 2008. Pages 3 and 7. Accessed June 27, 2011.
12. ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 799-800.
13. ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, p. 351.
14. ^ Coppieters, Honoré (1907). "Apostles". The Catholic Encyclopedia. 1. Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01626c.htm. Retrieved 22 June 2011. 
15. ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, p. 353.
16. ^ Grudem, Systematic Theology, p. 1031 note 21.
17. ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, p. 353-354.
18. ^ Grudem, Systematic Theology, p. 1024.
19. ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, pp. 339-340, 353-355.
20. ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, pp. 356-357.
21. ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, p. 357-358.
22. ^ ^{a b} Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, p. 347-348.
23. ^ ^{a b} Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, pp. 348-349.
24. ^ ^{a b} Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, pp. 349-350.
25. ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, p. 336-337.
26. ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, pp. 340-341.
27. ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, p. 345.
28. ^ ^{a b} Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, p. 343.
29. ^ See for example "Stephen Vantassel, "Celibacy: The Forgotten Gift of the Spirit," Journal of Biblical Counseling. 12, no. 3 (1994): 20-23", 10 January 2008
30. ^ ^{a b c d e} Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, p. 358-359.
31. ^ Grudem, Systematic Theology, p. 1020.

This article incorporates text from Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897), a publication now in the public domain.

Further reading

• Grudem, Wayne A. (editor). Are Miraculous Gifts for Today? Zondervan, 1996. ISBN 978-0310201557. Four authors each provide four viewpoints concerning spiritual gifts: Cessationist, "Open But Cautious", Third Wave, and Pentecostal/Charismatic.
• Bullock, Warren D. When the Spirit Speaks: Making Sense Out of Tongues, Interpretation, and Prophecy. Gospel Publishing House, 2009. ISBN 0882432842.
• Deere, Jack. Surprised by the Power of the Spirit. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1993. ISBN 978-0310211273.
• Deere, Jack. Surprised by the Voice of God. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996. ISBN 978-0310225584.
• Graves, Jr., Wilfred. In Pursuit of Wholeness: Experiencing God's Salvation for the Total Person. Shippensburg, PA: Destiny Image, 2011. ISBN 978-0768437942.
• Greig, Gary and Springer, Kevin (eds.). The Kingdom and the Power: Are Healing and the Spiritual Gifts Used By Jesus and the Early Church Meant for the Church Today? Ventura, CA: Gospel Light, 1993 (thorough and practical). ISBN 978-0830716593.
• Hurst, Randy (editor). Divine Order: Leading the Public Use of Spiritual Gifts. Gospel Publishing House, 2009.
• Lim, David. "Spiritual Gifts" in Systematic Theology, A Pentecostal Perspective revised edition, edited by Stanley M. Horton. Springfield, MO: Logion Press, 1994. ISBN 0882438557.
• Wagner, C. Peter. Discover Your Spiritual Gifts: The Easy-To-Use, Self-Guided Questionnaire That Helps You Identify and Understand Your Various God-Given Spiritual Gifts, expanded edition. Regal, 2010. ISBN 978-0830736782.
• Wimber, John and Springer, Kevin. Power Evangelism, revised and enlarged edition. Regal, 2009 (originally 1986). ISBN 978-0830747962.