Tigranes V of Armenia

Tigranes V, also known as Tigran V ^[1] (Greek: Τιγράνης, Armenian: Տիգրան, 16 BC-36) was a Herodian Prince and served as a Roman Client King of Armenia from the years 6 to 12.

Family & Life in the Herodian Court

Tigranes was the first born son of Alexander and Glaphyra.^[2] His younger brother was called Alexander^[3] and had a younger unnamed sister.^[4] His nephew Tigranes VI served as a Roman Client King of Armenia during the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero (reigned 54-68).^[5] His father Alexander was a Judean Prince, of Jewish, Nabataean and Edomite descent and was a son of King of Judea, Herod the Great and his wife Mariamne. His mother Glaphyra was a Cappadocian Princess, who was of Greek, Armenian and Persian descent. She was the daughter of the King Archelaus of Cappadocia ^[6] and her mother was an unnamed Princess from Armenia,^[7] possibly a relation of the Artaxiad Dynasty.

Tigranes was named in honor of his mother’s Armenian and Hellenic lineage. The name Tigranes was the most common royal name in the Artaxiad Dynasty and was among the most ancient names of the Armenian Kings.^[8] Roman Emperor Augustus mentions Tigranes’ Armenian ancestry in his political testament:

When he was murdered I sent into that kingdom Tigranes [Tigrans V, ca. A.D. 6], who was sprung from the royal family of the Armenians.

[Res Gestae Divi Augusti, V. xxvi. pp.390/1]

Tigranes was born and raised in Herod’s court in Jerusalem. After the death of Tigranes' father in 7 BC Herod acted in an extreme and brutal manner returning his mother to Cappadocia, forcing her to leave her children under the sole custody of Herod in Jerusalem. Tigranes and his brother remained under Herod’s guardianship so he could be able to control their fates.^[9] Another son of Herod’s Antipater, was concerned for Tigranes and his brother as he expected them to attain higher station than their own late fathers, because of the assistance Antipater considered likely from their maternal grandfather Archelaus.^[10]

Herod died in 4 BC in Jericho.^[11] After the death of Herod, Tigranes and his brother decided to leave Jerusalem and to live with their mother and her family in the Cappadocian Royal Court. After Tigranes and his brother arrived in Cappadocia, they disinherited their Jewish descent, deserted their Jewish religion and embraced their Greek descent, including the religion.^[12] However the family connections to the Herodian Dynasty wasn’t wholly broken. After Tigranes and his brother disinherited their Jewish descent, they were considered among fellow Jews as gentiles.^[13] Archelaus had sent Tigranes to live and be educated in Rome.^[14]

King of Armenia

In the year 2 monarchs from the Artaxiad Dynasty had encountered civil war and Augustus had appointed to the Armenian throne kings of Armenian or Mede origin to govern the country that were eventually killed. Augustus revised his foreign policy and appointed Tigranes as King of Armenia.^[15] Tigranes was accompanied by Archelaus and Tiberius to Armenia, where he was installed as King at Artaxata.^[16] Artaxata became Tigranes' capital. In the year 6, Tigranes ruled Armenia was a sole ruler. Sometime into his reign, the Armenian nobles were unsatisfied with his reign. They rebelled later that year and restored Erato back to the throne. From the years 6-12, Tigranes co-ruled with Erato. His co-rule with Erato is based on numismatic evidence.^[17]

Little is known about his reign of Armenia although some coinage has survived from his reign.^[18] The surviving coinage is a reflection from his Hellenic and Armenian descent and is evidence that he relinquished his Jewish connections.^[19] His royal title is in Greek ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΤΙΓΡΑΝΟΥ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ which means of great King Tigranes. In 12, Erato and Tigranes were overthrown for unknown reasons. Augustus kept Armenia as a client kingdom and appointed Vonones I of Parthia as King of Armenia.^[20]

Life after being King of Armenia

After his kingship, Tigranes may have remained in Armenia in contention to reclaim his throne in the first years of the reign of the Roman Emperor Tiberius.^[21] Around about the year 18 Vonones I died. His maternal grandfather attempted to re-establish Tigranes as King of Armenia.^[22] Tigranes may have called upon Archelaus to assist him in regaining his throne and Archelaus may have been charged for treason in Rome for helping a relative who for unknown reasons wasn’t now in favor with the Romans.^[23] The Armenian kingship was given to Artaxias III. If Tigranes was successful is regaining his throne and succeeding Archelaus, he would have presided directly or indirectly over a virtual empire.^[24]

After the year 18, little is known about the life of Tigranes. His wife was the unnamed daughter of Pheroras,^[25] by whom he had no children.^[26] Pheroras was his paternal great-uncle and a brother to Herod. Tacitus records that Tigranes as a victim of the reign of terror that marked the latter years of Tiberius.^[27] The charges brought against him by Tiberius in year 36 are not stated but it is clear that he did not survive them. His death followed the Roman installation in year 35 of a new client king in Armenia, the Iberian Prince Mithridates, as a part of a broader campaign against Artabanus II of Parthia.^[28]

References

1. ^ Hovannisian, The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, p.61
2. ^ Kasher, King Herod: a persecuted persecutor: a case study in psychohistory and psychobiography, p.p.353-4
3. ^ Kasher, King Herod: a persecuted persecutor: a case study in psychohistory and psychobiography, p.p.353-4
4. ^ Eisenman's "New Testament Code", Chapter 4
5. ^ Redgate, The Armenians, p.79
6. ^ Dueck, Strabo’s cultural geography: the making of a kolossourgia, p.208
7. ^ Syme, Anatolica: studies in Strabo, p.150
8. ^ Hovannisian, The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, p.48
9. ^ Kasher, King Herod: a persecuted persecutor: a case study in psychohistory and psychobiography, p.349
10. ^ Temporini, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im spiegel der neueren Forschung, p.315
11. ^ Millar, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C. - A.D. 135), p.327
12. ^ Kasher, King Herod: a persecuted persecutor: a case study in psychohistory and psychobiography, p.298
13. ^ Moen, Marriage and Divorce in the Herodian Family: A Case Study of Diversity in Late Second Temple Judaism, p.233
14. ^ acsearch.info - ancient coin search engine: coinage information on Tigranes V & Tigranes VI
15. ^ Temporini, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im spiegel der neueren Forschung, p.1164
16. ^ Syme, Anatolica: studies in Strabo, p.323
17. ^ Hovannisian, The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, p.62
18. ^ acsearch.info ancient coin search engine: Kings of Armenia
19. ^ Josephus, Ant. 18:140
20. ^ Temporini, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im spiegel der neueren Forschung, p.1160
21. ^ Temporini, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im spiegel der neueren Forschung, p.1159
22. ^ Temporini, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im spiegel der neueren Forschung, p.1159
23. ^ Temporini, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im spiegel der neueren Forschung, p.1160
24. ^ Temporini, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im spiegel der neueren Forschung, p.1159
25. ^ Kasher, King Herod: a persecuted persecutor: a case study in psychohistory and psychobiography, p.349
26. ^ Temporini, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im spiegel der neueren Forschung, p.1164
27. ^ Tacitus, para. 40.
28. ^ Tacitus, para. 32.

Sources

• Tacitus, Annals Book VI
• Millar, Fergus, Schürer, Emil, Vermes & Geza, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C. - A.D. 135), Continuum International Publishing Group, 1973
• H. Temporini & W. Haase, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im spiegel der neueren Forschung, Walter de Gruyter, 1977
• H. Temporini & W. Haase, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung, Walter de Gruyter, 1980
• R. Syme & A.R. Birley, Anatolica: studies in Strabo, Oxford University Press, 1995
• A.E. Redgate, The Armenians, Wiley-Blackwell, 2000
• R.G. Hovannisian, The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Volume 1: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004
• D. Dueck, H. Lindsay & S. Pothecary, Strabo’s cultural geography: the making of a kolossourgia, Cambridge University Press, 2005
• A. Kasher & E. Witztum, King Herod: a persecuted persecutor: a case study in psychohistory and psychobiography, Walter de Gruyter, 2007
• Marriage and Divorce in the Herodian Family: A Case Study of Diversity in Late Second Temple Judaism by Ingrid Johanne Moen Department of Religion in the Graduate School of Duke University
• acsearch.info ancient coin search engine: Kings of Armenia
• Eisenman's "New Testament Code", Chapter 4

External links

• Coinage of Tigranes V