Abu Isa

Abu Isa (also known as "Ovadiah", Ishaq ibn Ya'qub al-Isfahani, Issac ibn Jacob al-Isfahani) was a self-proclaimed Jewish prophet sometime in the 8th century AD in Persia. He is known as the originator of the first Jewish sect since the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem, the leader of a revolt, and one of a line of Jewish pseudo-messiahs in 8th-century Persia.

Dating issues

The exact dating of the coming of Abu Isa is a matter that is up for debate. The two main sources for information of him are Qirqisani, a Karaite historian, and Shahrastani, who wrote an extensive guide to Jewish sects over the ages. Qirqisani places the events in the reign of the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik (685 - 705 CE) while Sharastani says it was under the reign of Marwan II (744 - 750). The two main scholars on Abu Isa disagree on which of these sources has the correct dating scheme. Qirqisani's dates place Abu Isa's uprising during Umayyad clashes with the Byzanites which would coincide with Messianic stories of the battle between Gog and Magog and place it early enough to influence Karaism; Shahrastani's would put the revolt at the end of the Umayyad Dynasty and thus at a pivotal point of upheaval in the Muslim world.Israel Friedlaender Shiitic Elements in Jewish Sectarianism "Jewish Quarterly Review" Oct 1910] Steven Wasserstrom "Between Muslim and Jew" Princeton University Press 1995] By the nature of both being plausible and no direct Isawite (as his followers were known) documentation, the dispute is unresolved.

Beliefs

Abu Isa believed that he was the last of five heralds from God announcing the imminent arrival of the messiah. Never did he claim to be the Messiah himself, but some of his followers felt that he would return after his death and bring the End Times. He made some minor alterations to the general set of Rabbinic laws and his followers became ascetic in their manners. The most radical of the Isawite beliefs was the acceptance of both Jesus and Muhammad as true prophets, but only to their own peoples.
*Other alterations included:
**Banning of the consumption of wine and meat;
**Additional prayers to 7 or 10 depending on the source [Israel Friedlaender Shiitic Elements in Jewish Sectarianism "Jewish Quarterly Review" Oct 1912] (in addition to the standard 3);
**Forbade divorce;
**Belief that the rabbis are prophets;

The ban on meat is actually a Talmudic reference to not eating meat in exile, while the additional prayers are usually explained by noting Psalm 119:164.

Miracles

Two major miracles are attributed to Abu Isa. The first stems from his writings, as he was known to his followers as nothing but an illiterate tailor before he was touched with prophecy. He is said to have thus produced the works that outline the beliefs above and herald the coming of the Messianic age. The other is during the revolt itself when he defended his followers from the Caliphate's forces behind a line drawn on the ground with a myrtle branch, at which point he rode out and singlehandedly defeated the first assault by the Muslims.

hi'a connection?

The arrival of Abu Isa comes at an interesting point in the history of the Jews and the Muslims. Regardless of the which dates are true, each could be seen as during the rise of the radical Shi'a movements in Islam. With the center of these movements being Iraq and later Persia, it should come as no surprise that the other ahl al-kitab or "People of the Book" might be influenced. Some Jews actually saw the coming of the Arabs as the apocalypse that would usher in the new age, but there are distinctive influences that can be noted in this movement from Shi'ism. The idea of the illiterate prophet is equated with the story of Muhammad and his receiving of the Qur'an while the idea of a chain of prophets is notably similar to the Imams and the foreseen coming of the Mahdi. Scholars disagree to what degree Shi'ism affected Abu Isa or whether Shi'ism was at the same time developing and incorporating Jewish elements. However, issues with this include that Shi'a reject the belief Muhammad was unlettered, Imams are infallible, that Shi'asm did not expect the immediate return of al-Mahdi, and that Iraq and Iran were not primarily Shi'a till a few centuries ago.

References