- Sisnando Davides
Sisnando (or Sesnando) Davides (also Davídez, Davídiz, or Davidiz, and sometimes just David; died
25 August 1091 ) was aMozarab nobleman and military leader of theReconquista , born inTentúgal , nearCoimbra . He was a contemporary and acquaintance ofEl Cid , but his sphere of activity was in Iberia's southwest.Much information can be gleaned about Sisnando's life from the detailed narratives that begin the diplomas issued by his
Abbadid -influenced Mozarabicchancery at Coimbra, though the authenticity of these has lately come to be doubted.ervice with Seville and León
He was educated in Córdoba by Muslims. He was captured during a raid by
Abbad II al-Mu'tadid ofSeville and taken into the service of the latter.Catlos, 77.] To the Arabs he was known as "Shishnando". He served al-Mutadid as an administrator and ambassador, but he left Seville and entered the service ofFerdinand I of León in an identical capacity.In the following years the towns of Galicia from
Guimarães down toCoimbra were captured from theMoors , the latter on Sisnando's advice in 1064García Gómez, 30.] Reilly, 22.] or 1069, with Sisnando leading the siege and being granted the countship of the region south of theDouro fromLamego to the sea after his success.Menéndez Pidal, 36.] He took the title "aluazir" (vizier ) "de Coimbra".Sisnando continued in the service of Ferdinand's successor, Alfonso VI. In March 1075 Sisnando was at
Oviedo with the king—his first appearance at court [Reilly, 118.] —and El Cid for the opening of the Arca Santa. Later that same month he was one of many judges in a case between thebishop of Oviedo and countVela Oviéquez concerning the property of the monastery ofSan Salvador de Tol , though only he and El Cid signed the decision. Later in the year Sisnando was the principal leader of Alfonso's expedition against Seville andGranada .Menéndez Pidal, 34.] He took part in the expedition against Granada in 1080 as well.Sisnando thrice (1076, 1080, and 1088) acted as an envoy from Alfonso to the "
taifa " ofZaragoza , and on another occasion to Abd Allah, the lastZirid king of Granada. To the latter Sisnando explained that the "parias" (tributes) that Alfonso exacted from him were intended to weaken him as a prelude to re-conquest. [Catlos, 86.]Rule of Toledo
Sisnando was appointed the first governor ("amil") of Toledo after its fall in 1085 and he implemented the Alfonsine policy of tolerance to the Mozarabs and
Mudéjar s (Muslims) of the region.García Gómez, 31.] His appointment was probably related to his Mozarabic roots. [Reilly, 173.]Sisnando counselled Alfonso to maintain good relations with
al-Qadir of Toledo by acting as the taifa's governor and protector (instead of foreign overlord interfering in its internal affairs), but when this advice was ignored the way was opened for theAlmoravid conquest of Toledo, which Alfonso had treated as a tributary state; following that success the Almoravids made several gains against the Castilians. According toRamón Menéndez Pidal , if Sisnando's far-sighted advice had been heeded, the disaster of the Almoravids and the failure of Alfonso's empire to survive his death could have been averted.Menéndez Pidal, 37–38.]Within a short time of the conquest of Toledo Sisnando fell into disfavour with
Constance of Burgundy , Alfonso's third queen, and her French court, includingBernard de Sedirac , the archbishop elect of Toledo.Menéndez Pidal, 41.]Ibn Bassam records that Sisnando sought to convince Alfonso to spare the mosque of Toledo, though he did not. This, however, is false, as it was not Alfonso, but Queen Constance and the new Archbishop Bernard who reconsecrated the mosque as a Christian church.Menéndez Pidal, 39.]Within six months of the conquest of Toledo, Sisnando was back in Coimbra, but he was in Toledo for the consecration of the new cathedral in December. As "Sisnandus Conimbriensis consul" his signature appears seventh on the document of reconsecration. He had been replaced as governor of Toledo by
Pedro Ansúrez ("Petrus Ansuriz").Rule of Portugal
The primary reason for the re-creation of a county around Coimbra, separate from the northern First County of Portugal, ruled by Sisnando, who had not attachments in northern Iberia, was to weaken the independence of the Portuguese magnates and expand central royal Leonese administration into newly conquered territories. Sisnando is first recorded ruling in Coimbra only on
1 May 1070 , in a document that has come under suspicion.Reilly, 118 n3.] [Reilly, 86 n72.] It is possible that his appointment to the countship was not made by Ferdinand in 1064 but rather was connected with his first appearance at Alfonso VI's court in 1075. In Portugal Sisnando built or rebuilt the castles of Coimbra,Lousã ,Montemor-o-Velho ,Penacova , andPenela . He also played some role in the foundation of a diocese in central Portugal, precisely at Coimbra.A judicial document of 1077, in the name of Pelagio Gunsaluizi, an enemey of Sisnando's, refers to Sisnando as "domno de tota Sancta Maria et Colimbria".Menéndez Pidal, 35.] In a document dated
25 April 1085 , Sisnando made a grant to Pedro, an abbot who had recently fled to Portugal fromal-Andalus . The document refers to Sisnando as "magnum ducem et consulem fidelem domnum Sisenandum".Formation of the diocese of Coimbra
The appearance of a second ecclesiastical center on the
Mondego River at Coimbra seems to have been a result of the operation of local forces rather than Sisnando's initiative, as an interpolated document of13 April 1086 suggests.Reilly, 237.] According to a diploma of 1086, when Paternus, MozarabBishop of Tortosa , came to Ferdinand I atSantiago de Compostela in 1064 on a mission fromMoctadir of Zaragoza, he was approached by Sisnando, who offered him the see of Coimbra.Between 1076 and 1080, while he was at Zaragoza, Sisnando is said to have finally convinced Paterno to come west and take up the see of Coimbra. But the document of
1 March 1088 on which this claim is made is not trustworthy and the notion that the king sent Sisnando to Zaragoza for just such a purpose as recruiting a bishop is false.Reilly, 144.] A Paternus was bishop of Coimbra as early as20 November 1078 . He is last mentioned as bishop on 1 March 1088 and never appears as a confirmant of a royal document.Apparently part of the royal agenda for the
Council of Husillos of 1088 was the enhancing of royal control over Coimbra and its environs. The sole preserved document of the council was confirmed by a Martin, bishop-elect of Coimbra. Later in the same year a private document of Coimbra cited him, although still just as bishop-elect. Pierre David identified him as prior of the cathedral chapter of Coimbra and as the protégé of Sisnando Davides, who opposed the substitution of theMozarabic rite (also known as Visigothic or Hispanic rite) for theRoman rite . But if Sisnando had proposed him and Alfonso had accepted him it is difficult to see why he was never consecrated. This obscure dispute continued for in the following year (1089) one Julian appears as bishop and in 1091 a John. They are probably the same person. In the 1091 document the bishop was given permission to make a pilgrimage to theHoly Land .Alfonso VI seems to have lost patience with the state of diocesan affairs in Coimbra and had secured the election of a new bishop at Eastertime of 1091. The new bishop, Cresconius, was the former abbot of Saint Bartholomew of
Túy and was essentially a royal choice. He was consecrated by the archbishop of Toledo with the assistance of the bishops of Túy andOrense . The participation of these latter, as well as later events, suggests that Cresconius would have been acceptable toRaymond of Burgundy also. But the consecration and installation of the royal candidate at Coimbra may have had to wait on the death of Sisnando.Reilly, 238.]Last campaign and death
On
15 March 1087 Sisnando dictated a testament "in procinctu" on the occasion of his leaving for a campaign with Alfonso againstYusuf ibn Tashfin , the Almoravid general. Sisnando died on 25 August 1091, after more than twenty years of semi-independent rule at Coimbra. He was buried in theOld Cathedral of Coimbra and was succeeded by his son-in-law Martín Muñoz (Martim Moniz) de Montemayor.The County of Coimbra disappeared as authonomous fief in 1093, having been integrated into the Second County of Portugal at the moment of its restoration in 1095 under Henry of Burgundy.
ources
*Catlos, Brian A. "The Victors and the Vanquished: Christians and Muslims of Catalonia and Aragon, 1050–1300". Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought, Fourth Series, 59. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 0 521 82234 3.
*Menéndez Pidal, Ramón, and García Gómez, Emilio. "El conde mozárabe Sisnando Davídiz y la política de Alfonso VI con los Taifas." "Al-Andalus", 12:1 (1947), pp. 27–41.
*Reilly, Bernard F. [http://libro.uca.edu/alfonso6/alfonso.htm "The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI, 1065–1109".] Princeton University Press, 1988.Notes
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