Winnebago language

Winnebago language
Winnebago
Hocąk
Spoken in United States
Region Wisconsin
Native speakers 230  (date missing)
Language family
Siouan
  • Western Siouan
    • Mississippi Valley
      • Chiwere–Winnebago
        • Winnebago
Language codes
ISO 639-3 win
This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.

The Winnebago language is the language of the Ho-Chunk (or Winnebago) tribe of Native Americans in the United States. The language is part of the Siouan language family, and is closely related to the languages of the Iowa, Missouri, and Oto. The language can be written using the "Pa-Pe-Pi-Po" syllabics, although as of 1994 the official orthography of the Ho-Chunk Nation is an adaptation of the Roman alphabet. Although the language is highly endangered, there are currently vigorous efforts underway to keep it alive, primarily through the Hocąk Wazija Haci Language Division.

Contents

Phonology

Oral vowels Front Central Back
Close i   u
Mid e   o
Open   a  
 
Nasal vowels Front Central Back
Close ĩ   ũ
Open   ã  
Consonants Bilabial Labiovelar Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Stop p  b   d     k  ɡ ʔ
Affricate       tʃ  dʒ      
Nasal m   n        
Fricative     s  z ʃ  ʒ   x  ɣ h
Trill     r        
Approximant   w     j    

There is a notable sound law in Winnebago called Dorsey's Law[1] which dictates the following:

  • /ORS/ ~ [OSRS] (e.g.: /pra/ ~ [para]),

where O is a voiceless obstruent, R is a non-syllabic sonorant, and S a syllabic sound.

Orthography

The current official orthography derives from an Americanist version of the International Phonetic Alphabet. As such its graphemes broadly resemble those of IPA, and there is a close one-to-one correspondence between graphemes and phonemes.

Winnebago orthography differs from IPA in that the nasal vowels are indicated using an ogonek, thus į, ų, ą (respectively /ĩ/, /ũ/, /ã/). Furthermore, the postalveolar and palatal consonants are written as c, j, š, ž, and y (respectively IPA /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/ and /j/) – the last three being the norm in Americanist phonetic notation. More unusually, t represents /d/, while ǧ represents IPA /ɣ/. Finally, the glottal stop is represented by ʼ (known in Winnebago as hiyuša jikere).

Notes

  1. ^ "On Some Theoretical Implications of Winnebago Phonology", ERIC: ED357655, Kenneth L. Miner, 1993.

References

  • Hocąk Teaching Materials (2010). Volume 1: Elements of Grammar/Learner's Dictionary. Helmbrecht, J., Lehmann, C., SUNY Press, ISBN 1438433387. Volume 2: Texts and Audio-CD, Hartmann, I., Marschke, C. SUNY Press, ISBN 1438433360

External links


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