Words and Music (play)

Samuel Beckett wrote the radio play, "Words and Music" between November and December 1961. [Both James Knowlson ("Damned to Fame: The Life of Samuel Beckett", p 497) and Stan Gontarski ("The Faber Companion to Samuel Beckett", p 650) quote these dates however, Deirdre Bair, stipulates that the text of the play was completed “by 20th November, the date [Beckett] affixed at the end of the manuscript.” – Bair, D., "Samuel Beckett: A Biography" (London: Vintage, 1990), p 571] It was recorded and broadcast on the BBC Third Programme on 13th November 1962. Patrick Magee played Words and Felix Felton, Croak. Music was composed especially by John Beckett. The play first appeared in print in "Evergreen Review" 6.27 (November-December 1962). Beckett himself translated the work into French under the title "Paroles et Musique" ("Minuit", 1972).

ynopsis

The play takes place in what Katharine Worth describes as “an unidentified ‘listening’ space,” [Worth, K., ‘Cosmic Scenery’ in "Samuel Beckett's Theatre: Life Journeys", (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999)] another of Beckett’s “skullscapes.” [The designation "skullscape" is Linda Ben Zvi's, from the recorded discussion that followed the production of "Embers" for the Beckett Festival of Radio Plays, recorded at the BBC Studios, London on January 1988.] The only specific location mentioned is “the tower” – perhaps a folly – so the scene may well be in a castle with Croak in the role of "châtelain".

[http://www.thefreedictionary.com/croak Croak] [To croak: a common euphemism for “to die”. The suicidal man in "Rough for Theatre II" is named Croker.] is a doddery old man, testy and maudlin. He is never referred to by name in the play itself but he is well named. Joe addresses to him – albeit somewhat obsequiously – as, “My Lord,” since, despite his apparent frailty, he has plainly been someone used to wielding authority. There are only two sound effects used in the entire play, the scuffle of Croak’s feet as he arrives and departs and the thud of his club reminiscent of the rulers wielded by the Animator in "Rough for Radio II" and the music teacher in "Embers". For entertainment, this Beckettian ‘old King Cole’ has only two old stalwarts left to call on, his minstrels, Joe (Words) and Bob (Music).

Alfred Alvarez refers to him as “a poet” [Alvarez, A., "Samuel Beckett" (New York: Viking Press, 1973), p 119] though there is no real evidence to suggest that he is. In fact his utterances throughout the play are terse: moans, groans and murmurings mainly. That said, he appears to appreciate poetry especially when set to music. The theme Croak opts on for the evening’s diversion is love. He is a decrepit version of Orsino with his famous opening line from Twelfth Night: “If music be the food of love, play on,” [Shakespeare, W., "Twelfth Night" (Act 1, Scene 1)] a hopeless romantic, in love with love, and melancholy from the mere thought of it. Croak could almost be the selfsame man, had he never moved from that spot for the rest of his life and now finds himself on the brink of death.

Prelude

The going is not easy; from the very beginning it’s obvious that Words and Music do not enjoy each other’s company. The play opens with Music – a small orchestra – tuning up much to the irritation of Words who is trying to rehearse a soliloquy on the unlikely theme of sloth. The orchestra interrupts him in the middle of his speech and again at the end when he’s straining to hear if their master is approaching. Squabbling servants appear often in the works of Shakespeare. Joe is much like Malvolio, the strait-laced steward in the household of Lady Olivia, efficient but also self-righteous, with a poor opinion of drinking, singing, and fun. His priggishness and haughty attitude earn him the enmity of Maria, Olivia’s sharp-witted waiting-gentlewoman.

Croak shuffles into the room and Joe and Bob both become subservient. They’ve probably been together for a great many years, like Hamm and Clov, and rubbing each other up the wrong way has become a means of entertaining themselves when they’re not performing for their master. Croak realizes they will have been bickering and gently reproves them: “My comforts! Be friends.” [Beckett, S., "Collected Shorter Plays of Samuel Beckett" (London: Faber and Faber, 1984), p 127] He apologises for being late and mutters a vague excuse: “The face … On the stairs … In the tower.” [Beckett, S., "Collected Shorter Plays of Samuel Beckett" (London: Faber and Faber, 1984), pp 127,128] He doesn’t need to explain further; Joe and Bob are not expecting any kind of explanation.

Love

Croak considers for a moment and then announces the theme for the night’s entertainment: love. He calls for his club and thumps it on the ground: “Love!” We now realise that Joe was mocking the old man in his earlier [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/disquisition disquisition] on sloth. The speech he delivers is practically identical to the one he was rehearsing before; he has simply swapped ‘sloth’ with ‘love’. It is empty rhetoric. At one point he even stumbles and says ‘sloth’ by mistake. The feeling is that it wouldn’t matter what the theme chosen was "this" was the speech he was intending to deliver: “‘one-size-fits-all’ [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/verbiage verbiage] ” … Polonius could not have done better.” [Brown, V., " [http://etd.unisa.ac.za/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-03022006-154713/unrestricted/thesis.pdf Yesterday’s Deformities: A Discussion of the Role of Memory and Discourse in the Plays of Samuel Beckett] ", (doctoral thesis)] Croak is displeased and calls on Bob to play, the theme is unchanged. Croak is still unhappy and wants the music louder. Joe interrupts, overstepping the mark with a jester’s [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/veracity veracity] : “What? Is love the word? … Is soul the word? … Do we mean love when we say love? … Soul, when we say soul? … Do we? … Or don’t we?”

Croak finally cries out for Bob’s assistance and the recital turns into a shambles.

Once everything has calmed down he sets a new topic: age.

Age

Joe’s words are nowhere near as eloquent here. He had prepared one speech and now has to improvise a second. Does his master mean "old" age? He’s not sure. His speech falters and Croak doesn’t put up with him for long. It’s unclear is he is trying to mimic an old man’s speech pattern or if has genuinely been caught off guard. Bob’s music is also endured for only a short time. Croak’s solution is a simply one, force the rivals to work together. They object but acquiesce.

Stefan-Brook Grant has proposed the term “fugue” [Grant, S., " [http://www.samuel-beckett.net/ch4.html Samuel Beckett's Radio Plays: Music of the Absurd] " ] , an imitative compositional technique, to describe the initial attempts of Joe and Bob to work together. At first Joe offers a few words, which Bob tries to present as a musical phrase but soon it’s clear that things work better if Joe adds words to Bob’s music. In this way they stumble through the construction of the first “aria” [Mercier, V., "Beckett/Beckett" (London: Souvenir Press, 1990), p 155] as Vivian Mercier refers to each of the two short poems, the first of which was published separately as "Song" in "Collected Poems" (1984).

After their initial run through, line-by-line, Bob plays the whole piece and then invites Joe to sing along, which he does his best to. The result is less actual singing than 'sprechtstimme.' It is a song about age but it is also about lost love. Perhaps his comforts are beginning to grasp what their master really needs to hear. “For the first time Croak [is able to] direct his attention to the subject of the recitation rather than to its form.” [Lyons, C. R., "Samuel Beckett", MacMillan Modern Dramatists (London: MacMillan Education, 1983), p 137 “Specifics replace slippery abstractions, the active replaces the passive voice ... clumsy and tentative, Joe has achieved resonance in reaching Croak’s memory.” [Brown, V., " [http://etd.unisa.ac.za/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-03022006-154713/unrestricted/thesis.pdf Yesterday’s Deformities: A Discussion of the Role of Memory and Discourse in the Plays of Samuel Beckett] ", (doctoral thesis)] Croak makes no comment whatsoever after they have finished but one senses approval because he opens up an altogether more intimate topic: “the face”.

The Face

Bob starts off this time with a “warmly sentimental” melody lasting about a minute. [Beckett, S., "Collected Shorter Plays of Samuel Beckett" (London: Faber and Faber, 1984), p 131] Joe’s response is poetic enough but his description of the face seen by starlight is presented in “a cold, rather precise and prosaic” [Mercier, V., "Beckett/Beckett" (London: Souvenir Press, 1990), p 156] manner; old habits die hard. Bob again recommends a softer tone but Joe immediately blurts out the description he believes his master is looking for, that of a young man who, having just experienced an orgasm, and taken a moment to gather himself, now looks again on the face of his lover lying together with her in a field of rye.

Croak groans. This is not right. Joe thinks he understands now and tempers his delivery. He describes the woman’s “black disordered hair” [Beckett, S., "Collected Shorter Plays of Samuel Beckett" (London: Faber and Faber, 1984), p 132] and the look of concentration on her face; eyes closed, (Croak calls out in anguish: “Lily!” [The lily has long been associated in with death (in both eastern and western culture) and was a popular metaphor with John Keats, a poet Beckett particularly admired. “I like him best of them all,” he told MacGreevey – "The Faber Companion to Samuel Beckett", p 297. A comparison of " La Belle Dame Sans Merci [http://www.bartleby.com/101/633.html] " – written while he was dying of tuberculosis – with "Words and Music" is certainly worthwhile. [http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/cs6/belle.html] The flower has also been said to symbolise purity and innocence and, as such, is often associated with the Virgin Mary and resurrection and, by extension, motherhood in general and fertility. The flower became especially popular with artists after Freud provided a sexual interpretation of its form that added new levels of meaning to depictions of it (Freud, S., "Symbolism in Dreams", pp 163,164).] ) breasts heaving, biting her lip – she is in the throes of ecstasy. Suddenly Bob bursts in and interrupts this scene of coitus at the very point of climax presenting it as a moment of triumph, drowning out Joe’s protestations. Like Henry in "Embers", Words cannot express what is beyond words, and so, it is up to Music to communicate the climactic moment.

When Joe gets to speak again he has calmed down. In a gentle [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/expostulation expostulatory] manner Joe describes the scene as the couple collect themselves before changing his tone to a more poetic one. With the aid of Bob the two compose a second “aria” which they perform together as before describing the man’s eyes move down the woman’s body toward “that [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/wellhead wellhead] ”. [Beckett, S., "Collected Shorter Plays of Samuel Beckett" (London: Faber and Faber, 1984), p 134
Commentators avoid saying what believe “the wellhead” to be but considering the definition of the word, there is little doubt Beckett is referring to the vulva, the gateway to the womb from where all life springs. (Compare Leonard Cohen’s song, "Light as The Breeze" [http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/album10.html] )] “One glimpse of “that wellhead” of another being’s inmost Being, down there beyond the opened eyes – that is the most [Beckett’s] heroes can even gain and, having gained, forever try to recapture” [Esslin, M., ‘Patterns of Rejection: Sex and Love in Beckett’s Universe’ in Ben-Zvi, L., (Ed.) "Women in Beckett: Performance and Critical Perspectives" (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992), p 66] – like the old men in "... but the clouds ...," "Ohio Impromptu", "Ghost Trio" and, of course, "Krapp".

At the end of this Joe looks over at his master and what he sees shocks him: “My Lord!” [Beckett, S., "Collected Shorter Plays of Samuel Beckett" (London: Faber and Faber, 1984), p 134] Croak’s club slips from his hand and we hear it land on the ground but he is not dead; the “‘morose delectation’ of remembered bygone sexual encounters has overwhelmed him”. [Mercier, V., "Beckett/Beckett" (London: Souvenir Press, 1990), p 158] He gets up and shuffles off leaving his “comforts” alone.

Postlude

“It seems [Joe] has lost his power to express himself through words and, in contrast to his initial protestations during Music's tuning session, he now implores [Bob] to continue, as if admitting defeat. The play ends with what we might perceive to be our own natural non-rational and immediate expression of hopelessness; the word is reduced to a human sigh.” [Grant, S., " [http://www.samuel-beckett.net/ch4.html Samuel Beckett's Radio Plays: Music of the Absurd] "]

Interpretation

Various readings of what the situation in "Words and Music" represents have emerged from critical studies of the work:

*Vivian Mercier treats the three characters as separate beings, Croak being an “old man who shuffles in” asking Words and Music to be friends. [Mercier, V., "Beckett/Beckett" (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), p 154-159]

* Eugene Webb suggests that “Croak is the name the dialogue directions give to the conscious self of the artist”. [Webb, E., "The Plays of Samuel Beckett" (London: Peter Owen, 1972), p 102]

* Charles Lyons says that “ [i] n "Words and Music" Beckett provides three characters who seem to represent different psychic functions of a single consciousness … [however] Beckett does not integrate them into the image of a specific, whole person.” [Lyons, C. R., "Samuel Beckett", MacMillan Modern Dramatists (London: MacMillan Education, 1983), pp 136,139] Also a number of times Lyons hints at the autobiographical nature of the piece though without providing any real evidence.

* John Fletcher refers to Croak as Beckett's “toppled Prospero . . . with Words as his Caliban and Music his Ariel.” [Fletcher, J., "Samuel Beckett's Art" (London: Chatto & Windus, 1967), p 76]

* Clas Zilliacus proposes that in this play, “a mental process is unfolding,” whereby Croak “instigates two of his faculties, at odds with each other, to provide him with solace and entertainment.” Zilliacus also offers a view of the play in the light of medieval lyric, suggesting that the “master and servant motif familiar from other Beckett works here appears in recognisably feudal costume”. [Zilliacus, C., "Beckett and Broadcasting: A Study of the Works of Samuel Beckett for and in Radio and Television" (Åbo: Åbo Akademi, 1976), pp 105,106]

* Stefan-Brook Grant reminds us too that, “"Words and Music" was a commissioned work from the "Third Programme". Croak, therefore, can be interpreted as the commissioner of the play, while Words is Samuel Beckett's work and Music, John Beckett's. The two instruments, therefore, actually originate from separate sources, and are required to rehearse and combine forces in order to achieve a satisfactory rendering of certain themes.” [Grant, S., " [http://www.samuel-beckett.net/ch4.html Samuel Beckett's Radio Plays: Music of the Absurd] "]

Ultimately most critics agree that Words and Music is a “composition about composition”. [Cohn, R., "A Beckett Canon" (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001), p 168] Of course, a theme running through all of Beckett’s writing has been the impossibility of meaningful expression through words alone and, in that respect, Joe doesn’t disappoint. Croak wants to feel. He wants to wallow in a moment, exactly as Krapp does. He doesn’t want to know. He doesn’t need to understand. What is there to understand? Viewed purely as a means of communication, people revert to lovemaking to express their feelings, to ‘say’ what words can’t say.

If Croak is a writer, or the personification of the creative aspect of a writer, then he demonstrates precious little control over his thoughts and his feelings. When they eventually do get their “act” together what is produced, which from all accounts is what Croak sought all along, is far too painful for him to bear.

“Words, in the end, are [Beckett’s] material – not as literature but in terms of something akin to silence; the desire is not to control or empower but to listen. Words are a function of listening for Beckett, listening within a silence of being where the world is effaced.” [Finch, M., Book review of " [http://www.yurulbin.com/mickfinch/beckett.htm Conversations with Samuel Beckett and Bram van Velde] " by Charles Juliet ]

For Beckett, writing can be equated to seeing, it is a visual art that aspires to the ideal status of music: “music is the idea itself, unaware of the world of phenomena”, [Beckett, S., "Proust" (London: Calder, 1958), p 92] “the ultimate imageless language of emotion.” [Sion, I., ‘ [http://www.aber.ac.uk/cla/archive/sion.html The Shape of the Beckettian Self: Godot and the Jungian Mandala] ’ in "Consciousness, Literature and the Arts", Vol. 7 No. 1, April 2006] It is not so surprising then, when Katharine Worth asked Beckett about the relationship between the two figures in this radio play, he said: “Music always wins.” [Worth, K., ‘Beckett and the Radio Medium’ in Drakakis, J., (Ed.) "British Radio Drama"’ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p 210] Similarly, Beckett told Theodor W. Adorno “that it definitely ends with the victory of music”. [Zilliacus, C., "Beckett and Broadcasting: A Study of the Works of Samuel Beckett for and in Radio and Television" (Åbo, Åbo Akademi, 1976), p 114] In what way though? They struggle together to get to this point but is it meaning that has finally overpowered Croak or is it his feelings? Is this why Words are rendered speechless by the play’s end?

Music

Considering the importance Beckett places on the role of music in this play, it is worthwhile looking at how three of his collaborations were handled.

“The concerns of Words and Music are clearly related to Beckett’s general preoccupation with the limitations of the expressive powers of language. However, the fact that the music could not be composed by Beckett and therefore changes with the individual composer involved in each production has always rendered the word-music opposition, and hence the play as a whole, somewhat problematic. Beckett gives some instructions to the composer regarding the character of the music (asking for responses to specific concepts – ‘Love’, ‘Age’ and ‘Face’ – and demanding music of ‘great expression’, ‘Love and soul music’ and ‘spreading and subsiding music’), but this gives no indication of style or material content.” [Laws, C., ‘Music In Words And Music: Feldman’s Response to Beckett’s "Play"’ in Moorjani, A. and Veit, C., (Eds.) "Samuel Beckett Today/Aujourd'hui, Samuel Beckett: Endlessness in the Year 2000" (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2001), p 279]

What is perhaps most amazing is the lack of input Beckett chose to have. According to James Knowlson, “John Beckett … wrote his music for [this] play, totally independently of Beckett.” [Knowlson, J., "Damned to Fame: The Life of Samuel Beckett" (London: Bloomsbury, 1996), p 497] Beckett’s conversation with Everett Frost, who directed the play in the 1980s, sheds a slightly different light on things: “Beckett apologised that, now at an advanced age and increasingly in poor health, he felt unable to enter once again into the kind of collaborative or consultative effort that he had once given his cousin, John. [Beckett in conversation with Everett Frost. Quoted in Frost E. C., ‘ [http://www.cnvill.demon.co.uk/mfefrost.htm The Note Man and the Word Man: An Interview with Morton Feldman about Composing the Music for Samuel Beckett's Radio Play, Words and Music] ’ in Bryden, M., (Ed.) "Samuel Beckett and Music" (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p 47]

Irrespective of how much support he did or did not get, John became diffident about his score (despite it having pleased Beckett at the time) and, when Katharine Worth asked his permission to use it in a later production she was politely told “that he had withdrawn it.” [Worth, K., ‘Words for Music Perhaps’ in Bryden, M., (Ed.) "Samuel Beckett and Music" (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p 11]

: “I liked its austerity,” she said, “and touches such as a faint suggestion of plainsong, which picked up the quasi-medieval notes in the text. It was hard to see why the composer had withdrawn it.” [Worth, K., ‘Words for Music Perhaps’ in Bryden, M., (Ed.) "Samuel Beckett and Music" (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p 12]

Worth approached Samuel Beckett to see “if there was any composer he would care to recommend; he suggested Humphrey Searle”, [Worth, K., ‘Words for Music Perhaps’ in Bryden, M., (Ed.) "Samuel Beckett and Music" (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p 12] one of the UK’s foremost pioneers of serial music (whom he had met once in Paris [Worth, K., ‘Words for Music Perhaps’ in Bryden, M., (Ed.) "Samuel Beckett and Music" (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p 12 fn 2] ), as a suitable replacement. Much to her surprise, Beckett expressed no pressing need to meet up with him to discuss approaches. “This seemed interestingly,” she writes, “different from the degree of control he had been known to exert over directors and designers.” [Worth, K., ‘Words for Music Perhaps’ in Bryden, M., (Ed.) "Samuel Beckett and Music" (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p 13]

For many years the version most readily available on CD, has been Morton Feldman’s, written in 1987. “The two men had met in Berlin in 1976. Feldman wanted to do something with Beckett for the Rome Opera. Beckett indicated that he didn’t like opera – and Feldman agreed. Out of this understanding grew the collaboration on "Neither" (1977), and Beckett's pleasure with that work accounts for the fact that he recommended Feldman for the music of "Words and Music" ten years later.” [Strauss, W. A., review of Bryden, M., (Ed.) [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/substance/v029/29.2strauss.html Samuel Beckett and Music (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998)] in "SubStance" 29.2, 2000 pp 106,107] The noteworthy thing is that when Beckett sent the text of "Neither" to Feldman he had never heard any of the composer’s music.

Feldman's idiom is slow, shapeless and tentative; his mastery lies in "probing" sound; its material and sensuous characteristics, the haunting suggestion that his notes are surrounded by silences. This alone brings him into the Beckettian domain. In an interview Feldman stated:

: “I never liked anyone else's approach to Beckett. I felt it was a little too easy; they were treating him as if he were an existentialist hero, rather than a tragic hero. And he's a word man, a fantastic word man. And I always felt that I was a note man. I think that's what brought me to him. A kind of shared longing: this saturated, unending longing that he has, and that I have.” [Frost E. C., ‘ [http://www.cnvill.demon.co.uk/mfefrost.htm The Note Man and the Word Man: An Interview with Morton Feldman about Composing the Music for Samuel Beckett's Radio Play, Words and Music] ’ in Bryden, M., (Ed.) "Samuel Beckett and Music" (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p 51]

References

External links

* [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/rodopi/sbta/2002/00000011/00000001/art00033 A PDF version of Catherine Law’s detailed article, "Words and Music: Feldman’s Response to Beckett’s Play" can be downloaded from Ingenta’s website]
* [http://www.themodernword.com/beckett/beckett_feldman_wam.html Apmonia’s website contains an extensive article on this piece concentrating heavily on Feldman’s version]
* [http://www.thetheaterofthemind.com/WordsMusic-OrchestralVersion.mp3 MP3 of the play performed as a a one-person show – Theatre of the Mind (orchestral version)]
* [http://www.thetheaterofthemind.com/WordsMusic.mp3 MP3 of the play performed as a a one-person show – Theatre of the Mind (piano version] )
* [http://ubu.wfmu.org/sound/beckett_samuel/theatre_pieces/Beckett-Samuel_Theatre-For-Your-Mother_Words+Music.mp3 MP3 of the play (Theatre for Your Mother)]
* [http://samuel-beckett.net/WordsMusic3.html Text of the play (Samuel-Beckett.net)]