Bulla (genus)

Taxobox
name = Bulloidea
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Mollusca
classis = Gastropoda
subclassis = Orthogastropoda
superordo = Heterobranchia
ordo = Opisthobranchia
subordo = Cephalaspidea
superfamilia = Bulloidea
superfamilia_authority = (Lamarck, 1801)
familia = Bullidae
familia_authority = (Lamarck, 1801)
genus = "Bulla"
genus_authority = Linnaeus, 1758
subdivision_ranks = Species
subdivision = See text

"Bulla" is a genus of medium to large hermaphrodite sea snails, shelled marine opisthobranch gastropod molluscs. These herbivorous snails are in the suborder Cephalaspidea, headshield slugs, and the order Opisthobranchia.

These snails are popularly known as "bubble snails", and their shells as "bubble shells", because the shell of some of the species is very inflated indeed, almost spherical in shape, and is also very thin and light.

According to some experts, "Bulla" is currently the only genus in the family Bullidae, which in turn is the only member of the superfamily Bulloidea.

hell description

All "Bulla" species have large, ovate external shells, which are large enough to accommodate the whole snail when retracted. All species have rather similarly shaped shells. The shells have a deep, narrow umbilicus at the apex. There is no operculum.

The smooth shell of "Bulla" is ovate and expanded, with a deep, sunken involute top. Since there is little difference between the shells and in the morphology of the radular teeth, there is some uncertainty about the exact taxonomy of the species in "Bulla".

Anatomy of the soft parts

The gizzard of "Bulla" is rather different from that of other herbivorous groups. It has three large crushing plates and ancillary corneous spines, instead of just grinding plates. The crawling snails show prominent, frilled or lobed parapodia.

"Bulla" species have a soft radula.

Life habits

These snails are mostly nocturnal and can be found on shallow, sandy coasts grazing among sea grasses, feeding primarily on green algae. They bury themselves in mud when the tide is out.

Predators

In the coastal lagoons and bays of California, the colorful nudibranch "Navanax inermis" is a well-known predator of sea slugs, especially "Bulla gouldiana", which it envelopes whole.

Taxonomy

This family seems to have evolved separately in an early stage of the evolutionary history of the opisthobranchs. For a fuller treatment of the whole group see Cephalaspidea.

"Bulla", "Haminoea" and "Smaragdinella" form the well-defined monophyletic group Bulloidea, according to the 1996 phylogenetic analysis of Paula M. Mikkelsen (Malacologia, 37(2): 375-442). But, according to Dr. Bill Rudman and others, differences in the alimentary canal and reproductive system, still put "Haminoea" and "Smaragdinella" into the separate superfamily Haminoeidea.

Species

* "Bulla abyssicola" Dall, 1881 (junior synonym of "Bulla pinguicula")
* "Bulla adansoni" Philippi, 1847
** Distribution : West Africa, Gabon, Cape Verde
** Length : 15 mm
* "Bulla ampulla" Linnaeus, 1758 Pacific bulla, ampulle bulla
** Distribution : on sandy sublittoral bottoms of warmer seas, tropical Indo-Pacific, Sri Lanka, Philippines
** Length : 60 mm (largest shell of the Cephalaspidea)
** Description : This is the common Bulla in tropical Indo-Pacific; globose, inflated, moderately solid body whorl. The white aperture is as long as the rest of the shell.The rounded outer lip is extended posteriorly beyond the apex. Columella in a reversed ‘S’-shape, smooth and thinly callous. Cream-colored with blotches of dark, purple-brown.
* "Bulla amygdala" Dillwyn, 1817 (possibly a variant of "Bulla striata")
** Distribution : Canaries, East Atlantic, Mediterranean, Florida, Brazil
** Length : 40 mm
* "Bulla angasi" H. A. Pilsbry, 1893 (most probably a color variant of "Bulla ampulla")
** Distribution : Australia
** Length : 25 mm
** Description : smooth, sturdy, cylindrical shell; color : dark brown
* "Bulla arabica" Malaquias & Reid, 2008 [Manuel Antonio E. Malaquias and David G. Reid [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00369.x Systematic revision of the living species of Bullidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Cephalaspidea), with a molecular phylogenetic analysis] . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 153, Issue 3, Page 453-543, Jul 2008, doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00369.x]
* "Bulla bermudae" Verrill and Bush, 1900
** Distribution : Bermudas
** Length : 3 mm
* "Bulla biplicata" A. Adams, 1850 (synonym of "Acteocina bidentata" (d'Orbigny, 1841))
** Distribution : Japan, New Jersey, North Carolina, Florida, Caribbean, Brazil, Uruguay
** Length : 4 mm
* "Bulla botanica" Ch. Hedley, 1918 (maybe synonym of "Bulla quoyi") Australian true bubble, common true bubble
** Distribution : Australia
** Length : 32-55 mm
* "Bulla clausa" Dall, 1889 imperforate bubble
** Distribution : Florida
** Length : 12 mm
* "Bulla cruentata" A. Adams, 1850 shiny bubble
** Distribution : Indian Ocean
* "Bulla difficilis" T. Habe, 1950
** Distribution ; Japan
* "Bulla eburnea" Dall, 1881
** Distribution : America, North Carolina, Georgia, Florida
** Length : 7 mm
** Description : found at depths up to 620 m
* "Bulla gemma" A. E. Verrill, 1880 jewel bubble
** Distribution : New York
** Length : 4.2 mm
* "Bulla gouldiana" Pilsbry, 1895 California bubble, Gould’s bubble, cloudy bubble
** Distribution : Northwest America, California to Ecuador
** Length : 30-64 mm
** Description: semi-transparent head, mantle and foot are yellowish-brown with mottled pale-bluish dots; reddish to brown involute (= sunken) apex; the aperture is wide anteriorly, narrow posteriorly; their egg mass is yellow to orange tangled string of jelly, containing oval capsules. Each one contains up to 25 eggs, which develop into veliger larvae.
* "Bulla indolens" Dall, 1927
** Distribution : Georgia
** Length : 7.5 mm
** Description : found at depths up to 800 m
* "Bulla japonica" T. Habe, 1976
** Distribution : Japan
* "Bulla krebsii" Dall, 1889
** Distribution : Guadeloupe
** Length : 8 mm
** Description : found at depths up to 1400 m
* "Bulla mabillei" E. A. A. Locard, 1896 (synonym of "Bulla amygdala") Mabille’s bubble
** Distribution : Turkey, Canaries, Madeira, Cape Verde, West Africa
** Length : 33-52 mm
** Description : larger than the other European species; difficult to obtain; color : yellowish-brown with dark bluish dots
* "Bulla morgana" Dall, 1908
** Distribution : West America
* "Bulla nebulosa" J. Schroeter, 1804 (synonym of "Bulla striata")
** Distribution : Atlantic
* "Bulla occidentalis" A. Adams, 1850 (synonym of "Bulla striata") common West Indian bubble
** Distribution : Brazil, North Carolina to Florida, Bahamas, Caribbean.
** Length : 25 mm
** Description : thin, rotund, oval shell with a smooth, glazed surface; pale color with brown spots; involute (= sunken) apex; large body whorl; long aperture, wide anteriorly; white columella.
* "Bulla orientalis" T. Habe, 1941
** Distribution : Indo Pacific
** Description : brown punctuate marks on the shell
* "Bulla pinguicula" Seguenza, 1879
** Distribution : Mediterranean, Florida, Caribbean, Azores, Mexico
** Length : 12.8 mm
** Description : found at depths up to 1170 m
* "Bulla punctulata" A. Adams In Sowerby, 1850
** Distribution : Pacific, California, Mexico, Peru
** Length : 30 mm
** Description : the shell looks like the one of "Bulla ampula", but is smaller and more cylindrical. Its color is cream, with clouding of brown or gray in two to four spiral bands, generally spotted with squarish chocolate dots, bordered to the right by white spots.
* "Bulla quoyii" Gray in Dieffenbach, 1843 brown bubble shell
** Distribution : Southern Australia, northern New Zealand.
** Length : 44 mm-60 mm
** Description :The calcified shell has a gray-brown color, with blotches of various shades of brown; the snail has a bright honey-golden color. The hind extremities of the headshield have evolved into tentacles, directing the water over Hancock’s organ. The egg-mass is a jelly-like sphere, with the eggs in a spiral string. After the breeding period, there occurs a mass mortality of the animals, just like the sea hares.
* "Bulla rufolabris" A. Adams in Sowerby, 1850
** Distribution : West America, Galapagos
** Length : 10-15 mm
* "Bulla solida" Gmelin, 1791 solid bubble
** Distribution : Mexico, Florida, Texas, Cuba, Colombia.
** Length : 30-52 mm
** Description : found at depths up to 25 m
* "Bulla striata" Bruguière, 1792 common Atlantic bubble, striate bubble
** Distribution : Mediterranean, Morocco, Canaries, Azores, Atlantic Ocean, Florida
** Length : 12-30 mm
** Description : The shell is thin, delicate and rather narrow. The body whorl is oval and convex. The smooth elongated aperture narrows posteriorly, but is wide anteriorly. The columellar callus is rather small; The thin outer lip is incurved and extends a little beyond the apex; The color is brown-gray, with darker, smudged dots and dashes, spread unevenly over the surface. The surface is smooth, with some spiral grooves at the posterior end ans at the apical umbilicus. There is no operculum. The foot is well developed. There are no parapodia (fleshy winglike outgrowths). The broadened head has no tentacles. The gills and the osphradium are inside the mantle cavity. The radula has three laterals on each side of the central tooth.
* "Bulla umbilicata" Röding, 1798 (synonym of "Bulla striata")
** Distribution : Caribbean
** Length : 17 mm
* "Bulla vernicosa" A. A. Gould, 1859 (most probably a color variant of "Bulla ampulla")
** Distribution : Indo Pacific, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan, Tonga
** Length : 27-50 mm
** Description : white-colored shell with lightbrown spots

References

* Powell A. W. B., "New Zealand Mollusca", William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 0-00-216906-1
* Glen Pownall, "New Zealand Shells and Shellfish", Seven Seas Publishing Pty Ltd, Wellington, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 85467 054 8

External links

* [http://enature.com/fieldguide/showSpecies_LI.asp?imageID=19573&view=1 Picture of the California Bubble]
* [http://shell.kwansei.ac.jp/~shell/pic_book/data07/bvernico.html Picture of "Bulla vernicosa"]