Preston Brooks

Preston Smith Brooks (August 5, 1819 – January 27, 1857) was a Democratic Congressman from South Carolina, known for physically beating senator Charles Sumner on the floor of the United States Senate. His first cousin, Matthew Butler, was a Confederate general.

Early life

Born in Roseland, Edgefield County, South Carolina, to Whitfield Brooks, and Mary Caroll. Brooks attended South Carolina College (now known as the University of South Carolina), but was expelled just before graduation for threatening local police officers with firearms. Brooks served in the Mexican-American War with the Palmetto Regiment. Brooks once fought a duel with future Texas Senator Louis T. Wigfall and was shot in the hip, forcing him to use a walking cane for the rest of his life. He also assisted Robert E. Lee in earlier years.Fact|date=April 2008

Political career

Brooks was elected to the United States Congress in 1853. Although suspicious of political parties Fact|date=February 2007, Brooks was officially associated with the Democratic Party.

umner Assault

On May 22 1856, Brooks beat Senator Charles Sumner with his Gutta-percha wood walking cane in the Senate chamber because of a speech Sumner had made three days earlier, criticizing President Franklin Pierce and Southerners who sympathized with the pro-slavery violence in Kansas ("Bleeding Kansas"). In particular, Sumner lambasted Brooks' kinsman, Senator Andrew Butler, who was not in attendance when the speech was read, describing slavery as a harlot, comparing Butler with Don Quixote for embracing it, and mocking Butler for a physical handicap. Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois, who was also a subject of abuse during the speech, suggested to a colleague while Sumner was orating that "this damn fool [Sumner] is going to get himself shot by some other damn fool." (Jordan et al., The Americans)

At first intending to challenge Sumner to a duel, Brooks consulted with fellow South Carolina Rep. Laurence M. Keitt on dueling etiquette. Keitt instructed him that dueling was for gentlemen of equal social standing, and suggested that Sumner occupied a lower social status comparable to a drunkard due to the supposedly coarse language he had used during his speech. Brooks thus decided to attack Sumner with a cane.

Two days after the speech, on the afternoon of May 22, Brooks confronted Sumner as he sat writing at his desk in the almost empty Senate chamber. Brooks was accompanied by congressman Laurence M. Keitt, also of South Carolina, and Henry A. Edmundson of Virginia. Brooks said, "Mr. Sumner, I have read your speech twice over carefully. It is a libel on South Carolina, and Mr. Butler, who is a relative of mine." As Sumner began to stand up, Brooks began beating Sumner on the head with his thick gutta-percha cane with a gold head. Sumner was trapped under the heavy desk (which was bolted to the floor), but Brooks continued to bash Sumner until he ripped the desk from the floor. By this time, Sumner was blinded by his own blood, and he staggered up the aisle and collapsed, lapsing into unconsciousness. Brooks continued to beat Sumner until he broke his cane, then quietly left the chamber. Several other senators attempted to help Sumner, but were blocked by Keitt who was holding a pistol and shouting "Let them be!"

Sumner was unable to return to duty for more than three years while he recovered. He later became one of the most influential Radical Republicans throughout the conduct of the American Civil War, and on through the early years of Reconstruction.

After the attack

South Carolinians sent Brooks dozens of brand new canes, with one bearing the phrase, "Hit him again." The Richmond Enquirer crowed: "We consider the act good in conception, better in execution, and best of all in consequences. These vulgar abolitionists in the Senate must be lashed into submission."

Brooks survived an expulsion vote in the House but resigned his seat, claiming both that he "meant no disrespect to the Senate of the United States" by attacking Sumner and that he did not intend to kill him, for he would have used a different weapon if he had. His constituents thought of him as a hero and returned him to Congress. However, Brooks's attack on Sumner was regarded in the north as the act of a cowardly barbarian. One of the most bitter critics of the attack was Sumner's fellow New Englander, Congressman Anson Burlingame. When Burlingame denounced Brooks as a coward on the floor of the House, Brooks challenged him to a duel, and Burlingame accepted the challenge. Burlingame, as the challenged party, specified rifles as the weapons, and to get around American anti-dueling laws he named the Navy Yard on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls as the site. Brooks backed out of the challenge, claiming that he would be murdered on his way north. There was probably some justification to that claim, but Burlingame's reputation as a deer hunter and a deadly shot with a rifle could also have been a factor. Brooks remained in office until his death from the croup in 1857 and is buried in Edgefield, South Carolina.

Legacy

The city of Brooksville, Florida and Brooks County, Georgia are named in Brooks' honor [http://www.ci.brooksville.fl.us City of Brooksville website] .

Family

Marriage 1: Caroline Harper Means (1820-1843) Brooks was widowed upon her death. Children: Whitfield D. Brooks (1843-1843)

Marriage 2: Martha Caroline MeansChildren: Mary Caroll Brooks (1846-1924), Rosa Brooks(1850-?), Preston Smith Brooks (1854-?)

Nonmarried affair: Elizabeth Hitt (1797-1850) (Elizabeth Hitt Peter Hitt's Granddaughter) Children: Elizabeth Brooks (1830-1914) [Dates are unlikely, as Brooks would have fathered this child at the age of 10 or 11, with the mother being 32/33.]

Preston's Paternal Grandfather

Preston's paternal grandfather, Zachariah Smith Brooks, moved to Edgefield, South Carolina from Loudoun, Virginia before the Revolutionary War. Zachariah was a lieutenant in the Revolutionary War. Zachariah owned a Plantation located at Big Creek, a branch of the Saluda River. In 1850 he was recorded on The Slave Schedules Records.

References

*Hollis, Daniel Walker (1951) "University of South Carolina, volume I: South Carolina College", p.139, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. recounts the details of his expulsion from South Carolina College,

External links

* [http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/seminar/unit4/sumner.html Full text of Sumner's speech]
* [http://www.bartleby.com/268/9/15.html Brooks' response, after the beating]
* [http://www.kevinbaker.info/c_cp.html An account of the incident, the participants and the aftermath]
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=2874 Preston Smith Brooks] at Find A Grave