Kermit Roosevelt

Kermit Roosevelt I MC (October 10, 1889 – June 4, 1943) was a son of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. Kermit was an explorer on two continents with his father, graduate of Harvard University, a soldier serving in two world wars, with both the British and US Armies, a businessman, and writer. He fought a lifelong battle with depression and alcoholism, and eventually committed suicide.

Childhood

Kermit was born at the Roosevelt residence Sagamore Hill in Oyster Bay, New York, the second child born to Theodore Roosevelt and his second wife, Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt. Kermit's oldest brother was Theodore Jr. and his younger siblings were Ethel, Archibald, and Quentin. His older half sister was Alice, from his father's first marriage to Alice Roosevelt.

As a child, Kermit Roosevelt had little resistance to illness and infection. He had a flair for language, however, and was an avid reader. He showed a talent for writing that led to recording his experiences in World War I in a book.

Education

After attending the Groton School, Kermit attended college at Harvard. In 1908 as a freshman, he and his father, both of whom loved nature and outdoor sports went on a safari in Africa. After this trip and a swing through Europe, Kermit returned to Harvard and completed a four years of study in two and one-half years. He was a member of the Porcellian Club.

River of Doubt South American expedition

One of Theodore Roosevelt's most popular books, "Through the Brazilian Wilderness", recounted the father-and-son expedition into the Amazon Basin Brazilian jungle in 1913–14. Kermit and TR went on what would become known as the Roosevelt-Rondon Scientific Expedition, exploring the Brazilian jungle with Brazilian explorer Colonel Cândido Rondon. During this expedition, they explored the Rio of Doubt, later renamed Rio Roosevelt in honor of the President as well as branch of that river named the Rio Kermit in Kermit's honor. The source of the river had been discovered by Rondon earlier, but had never been fully explored or mapped.

At the time of the expedition, Kermit was newly engaged to Belle Willard, daughter of the U.S. ambassador to Spain. Kermit's mother, Edith, was concerned about her husband's health and the difficulties of a new expedition and asked Kermit to accompany his father. Kermit did not want to delay his marriage, but decided it best to go with his father, and it was fortuitous that he did so.

While the expedition started well, a change was made to the goals, and it was decided that an exploratory trip would be made to trace the River of Doubt from its source to determine its path through hundreds of kilometers/miles of uncharted rain forest. The difficulties of the harsh climate with its torrential downpours, rough terrain, shoddy low-running dugout canoes, a seemingly endless series of difficult rapids and waterfalls, diminishing food supplies, the drowning of one expedition member and the murder of another and a host of other problems turned what began as a scientific expedition into a race against time to save the life of a dying former president. Malaria and a serious infection resulting from a minor leg wound had developed into a life-threatening situation. These illnesses so weakened TR, that by six weeks into the expedition, TR had to be attended day and night by the expedition's physician and his son, Kermit. TR considered his own condition a threat to the survival of the others. With the loss of many of their dugout canoes and provisions, and his father sick from malaria and infections, Kermit raced against time to bring his father back alive from the jungle. In a letter to a friend later, TR recalled considering taking a lethal dose of morphine because his sickness had reduced him to total dependence on the others and this wasn't the Roosevelt way. Kermit courageously stood up to the dying old man, and told him that he was bringing him back literally "dead or alive" and if he died, he would be an even bigger burden to the expedition. Without a doubt, it was Kermit who saved his father's life when this expedition had degenerated into a horrible ordeal.

During that expedition, Kermit himself came close to death by malaria. In order to save quinine for his father, he downplayed his own malarial sickness until the expedition's doctor was forced to give it to him by injection. By that time, his attempts to disguise his losing fight with the disease had come close to killing him.

TR was having chest pains when he tried to walk, his temperature soared to 103 and, at times he was delirious. By now so weakened that he could not even sit up in his dugout but had to lie on his back. When the expedition finally reached civilization, TR had to be carried by off by stretcher. He had lost over fifty pounds. Kermit and all the expedition's members' physical conditions had suffered as well.

In the final analysis, without Kermit's rope and canoe-handling skills preserving the dugouts from destruction (the one thing that would have quickly and fatally ended the expedition), his unflinching courage, dogged determination, - in short, the devotion and loving support of a dedicated son, it is unlikely that TR would have survived the expedition. Besides the newly-named Rio Roosevelt, one branch of the river was named the Rio Kermit in Kermit's honor. Today, the Rio Roosevelt is commonly called the Rio Teodoro by Portuguese-speaking Brazilians because of pronunciation difficulties they have with the name 'Roosevelt'.

Upon his return by ship to New York, friends and family were startled at TR's physical appearance, for he was no longer the vibrant man with a seemingly endless supply of energy that they had always known. Indeed, TR would write a friend that the trip had cut his life short by ten years. He did not realize, at that time, just how accurate his analysis would prove to be. The effects of the South America expedition had so greatly weakened TR that they significantly contributed to his declining health. For the rest of his life, he would be plagued by flareups of malaria and inflammation so severe that they would require hospitalization. [Thayer, Chapter XXIII, pp. 4–7.]

When TR and Kermit had recovered from their ordeal, they found that they had a new battle on their hands. In professional circles, there was doubt about their claims of having discovered and navigated a completely uncharted river over 1000 km long. TR and Kermit had to fight for official recognition of the expedition's discovery of the newly-named Rio Roosevelt. Toward this end, TR went to Washington, DC, and spoke at a standing-room-only convention to defend his discovery. His official report and its defense silenced the critics and TR was able to triumphantly return to his home in Oyster Bay.

TR would record these harrowing experiences in one of his most popular books, "Through the Brazilian Wilderness." The 1913–14 expedition would later be recounted in "The River of Doubt" by Candice Millard (Doubleday 2005).

Personal

After the Amazon trip, in 1914 Kermit married Belle Wyatt Willard (1892 - 1968), daughter of the U.S. Ambassador to Spain. They had four children:
*Kermit "Kim" Roosevelt (1916 - 2000) Kermit Roosevelt, Jr. was the mastermind of the Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA) Operation Ajax, which orchestrated the coup against Iran's democratically-elected Mohammed Mossadegh administration, and returned Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, to Iran's Peacock Throne in August 1953 for the purpose of returning Western control of Middle Eastern oil supplies.Fact|date=July 2008
* Joseph Willard Roosevelt (1918 - 2008)
* Belle Wyatt Roosevelt (1919 - 1985)
* Dirck Roosevelt (1925 - 1953)

From 1914 to 1916, Kermit was assistant manager for National City Bank in Buenos Aires.

Military service in World War I

In 1917 as he was about to be transferred to a Russian branch, the U.S. entered the World War. On 22 August 1917, Kermit was appointed an honorary captain in the British Army, [LondonGazette|issue=30304|supp=yes|startpage=9925|date=25 September 1917|accessdate=2008-09-02] and saw hard fighting in the Near East, later transferring to the United States Army. While his other brothers had had summer training at Plattsburg, New York, Kermit had missed out on this training.

Kermit joined the British Army to fight in the Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) theater of World War I. He was attached to the 14th Light Armoured Motor Battery of the Machine Gun Corps, but the British High Command decided they could not risk his life and so they made him an officer in charge of transport (Ford Model T cars). From then on, however, Captain Roosevelt made it his main aim in life to get his Ford in front of the armor. With his incredible talent for languages, within months of being posted to Mesopotamia, he had mastered spoken as well as written Arabic and was often relied upon as a translator with the locals. As in Africa with his father, he was courageous to the point of recklessness. He was awarded a well-earned Military Cross on 26 August 1918. [LondonGazette|issue=30865|supp=yes|startpage=9966|date=23 August 1918|accessdate=2008-09-02] When the United States joined the war, Kermit got transferred to the AEF in Europe, relinquishing his British commission on 28 April 1918. [LondonGazette|issue=30656|supp=yes|startpage=5128|date=26 April 1918|accessdate=2008-09-02] In 1918, he learned that his youngest brother, Quentin, a pilot, had been shot down over France and had been buried by the Germans with full military honors.

Between the wars

After the expedition, Roosevelt went into business; he founded the Roosevelt Steamship Company and the United States Lines. Ever a Roosevelt, Kermit continued to enjoy outdoor activities with his brothers.

In 1929 Kermit went to China with his brother Theodore Roosevelt II in search of a Giant Panda to stuff and put on display in a museum.

ervice in World War II

By 14 October 1939, when Britain was at war with Germany, Kermit had negotiated a commission as a Second Lieutenant in the Middlesex Regiment with the assistance of his friend, Winston Churchill — who was by then Prime Minister of Britain. [Renehan 1998. p229] [LondonGazette|issue=34709|supp=yes|startpage=6938|endpage=6939|date=13 October 1939|accessdate=2008-09-02] His first task was to lead a contingent of British volunteers for the Winter War in Finland. [Renehan 1998. p230] According to a contemporary story published in Picture Post, he had resigned from the British Army to lead the expedition. [cite journal
quotes= no
last= Unattributed
first=
year= 1940
month= 16 March
title= Volunteers For Finland
journal= Picture Post] This story was probably a necessary cover so that he would be able to travel with the volunteers through neutral countries. However, before the expedition could be launched, Finland was forced to make peace with Russia. Kermit served with distinction in a raid into Norway and was later sent to North Africa, where there was little action at the time. [Renehan 1998. p230] He resumed drinking and was debilitated by an enlarged liver complicated by a resurgence of malaria. At the end of 1940, he returned to England and was discharged from the army on health grounds on 2 May 1941, by which time he had once again reached the rank of captain. [Renehan 1998. p230] [LondonGazette|issue=35153|startpage=2576|date=2 May 1941|accessdate=2008-09-02] Kermit had appealed this discharge all the way to the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill. But Churchill, after reviewing his record, upheld the medical discharge.Fact|date=May 2007

When he returned to the US, he turned to drinking to forget his problems. So worried was his wife about his deteriorating condition, she went to the extreme of seeking the help of Kermit's cousin, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who ordered the FBI to track him down and he was brought back to his family. The President thought it would be best if he were moved as far as possible from some of his friends who were such a negative influence on him, gave him a commission as a major in the United States Army, and had him transferred and posted to Fort Richardson, Alaska, where he worked as an intelligence officer and helped establish a territorial militia of Eskimos and Aleuts.

Battle with depression and alcoholism

Kermit's paternal grandmother, Theodore Roosevelt's mother Martha Bulloch, had led a life with supreme highs as well as debilitating lows. His paternal uncle, Elliott Roosevelt, was afflicted with chronic bouts of depression and died of alcoholism and drug abuse. His maternal grandfather, meanwhile, had been an alcoholic. Alcoholism plagued Kermit much of his adult life.

Death

In Alaska, far from home, Kermit continued to fight his lifelong battle with chronic depression and alcohol. He committed suicide on June 4, 1943, by a self-inflicted gunshot. [Renehan 1998. p232] His death was reported to his mother, Edith Kermit Roosevelt, whose favorite son he had been, as a heart attack. Given the sensitive nature of his tragic demise, for many years the cause of death continued to be described as heart disease. Only in later years did the true circumstances of his death become known. He was interred in Fort Richardson National Cemetery near Anchorage, where a memorial stone gateway was erected in his honor in 1949.

He was survived by his wife Belle and four children: Kermit "Kim" Roosevelt, Jr., Joseph Willard Roosevelt, Belle Wyatt Roosevelt, and Dirck Roosevelt.

Trivia

* The town of Kermit, Texas was named for him (he had visited Winkler County, Texas a few months earlier to hunt antelope)

* The "Luzon"-class repair ship USS "Kermit Roosevelt" (ARG-16) was named in his honor.

Works

* "War in the Garden of Eden": memoirs from WWI
* "The Happy Hunting Grounds"
* "Trailing the Great Panda" (with Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.)
* "Quentin Roosevelt: A Sketch with Letters"
* "The Boy Scout's Book of True Adventure, Fourteen Honorary Scouts," with Foreword By Theodore Roosevelt and Biographical Notes By James E. West. Published by G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York (1931) -- Essays include: "Adventurous Hunting" by Kermit Roosevelt, "Scouting Against the Apache" by Frederick R. Burnham, "How I Learned to Fly" by Orville Wright, "An Arctic Mirage" by Donald B. MacMillan, "In the Arctic" by Lincoln Ellsworth, "A Tobacco Trade" by George Bird Grinnell, "The Black Ghosts of the Tana River" by James L. Clark, "My Flight Over the Atlantic" by Richard E. Byrd, "In the Jungles of Cochin-China" by Theodore Roosevelt, "Shipwreck" by Robert A. Bartlett, "Written in the Air" by Charles A. Lindbergh, "Tiger! Tiger!" by Merian C. Cooper, "The First Crossing of the Polar Sea" by Lincoln Ellsworth, "Bandits" by Clifford H. Pope, and "Adventure" by Stewart Edward White. All 13 photo plates of the honorary Scouts are present; both Roosevelts in the same photo.
* "East of the Sun and West of the Moon" (with Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.)

References

* "The River of Doubt" by Candice Millard (Doubleday 2005)

Notes

General references

*cite book
last = Renehan
first = Edward, J, Jr.
authorlink = Edward Renehan
title = The Lions Pride - Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War
publisher = Oxford University Press
series =
year = 1998
isbn = 0-19-513424-9

External links

*gutenberg author| id=Kermit+Roosevelt | name=Kermit Roosevelt
** [http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/3/6/6/13665/13665-h/13665-h.htm Project Gutenberg "War in the Garden of Eden"]
* [http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/kermit.html Almanac of Theodore Roosevelt: Kermit Roosevelt]
* [http://www.nndb.com/people/804/000060624 NNDB Who's Who]
* [http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/kermit.html Family Photos]
* [http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/ Theodore Roosevelt Association]
*findagrave|4231 Retrieved on 2008-02-08
* [http://www.kshs.org/cool/jaguar.htm Jaguar rug from South American expedition, Kansas Historical Society collections]