Timeline of carbon nanotubes

__NOTOC__Timeline of carbon nanotubes:

1952

* Radushkevich and Lukyanovich publish a paper in the Russian "Journal of Physical Chemistry" showing hollow graphitic carbon fibers that are 50.34 nanometers in diameter. [cite journal | url=http://www.cemes.fr/fichpdf/GuestEditorial.pdf | format=PDF | title=Who should be given the credit for the discovery of carbon nanotubes? | first=Marc | last=Monthioux | journal=CARBON | volume=44 | year=2006 | pages=1621 | doi=10.1016/j.carbon.2006.03.019]

1976

* Oberlin, Endo and Koyama report CVD growth of nanometer-scale carbon fibers. [cite journal | first=A. | last=Oberlin | coauthors= M. Endo, and T. Koyama | title=Filamentous growth of carbon through benzene decomposition | journal= J. Cryst. Growth | year= 1976 | volume= 32 | pages= 335 | doi=10.1016/0022-0248(76)90115-9]

1979

* Arthur C. Clarke's science fiction novel "The Fountains of Paradise" popularizes the idea of a space elevator using "a continuous pseudo-one dimensional diamond crystal". [cite web | title=1D Diamond Crystal - A continuous pseudo-one dimensional diamond crystal - maybe a nanotube? | url=http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/content.asp?Bnum=699 | accessdate=2006-10-21
cite web | title=Audacious & Outrageous: Space Elevators | url=http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/ast07sep_1.htm | publisher=NASA |date=7 September 2000 | accessdate=2006-10-21]

1985

* Fullerenes discovered. [cite journal | first=H. W. | last=Kroto | coauthors=et al. | year=1985 | title=C60: Buckminsterfullerene | journal= Nature | volume=318 | pages=162–163 | doi=10.1038/318162a0]

1987

* Howard G. Tennent of Hyperion Catalysis issued a U.S. patent for graphitic, hollow core "fibrils". [cite journal | id=US Patent|4663230 | url=http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4663230.html | title=Carbon fibrils, method for producing same and compositions containing same | date=May 5, 1987 | last=Tennent | first=Howard G]

1991

* Nanotubes discovered in the soot of arc discharge at NEC, by Japanese researcher Sumio Iijima. [cite journal | first=Sumio | last=Iijima | title=Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon | url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v354/n6348/abs/354056a0.html | journal=Nature | volume=354 | pages=56–58 | date=7 November 1991 | doi=10.1038/354056a0]
* August — Nanotubes discovered in CVD by Al Harrington and Tom Maganas of Maganas Industries, leading to development of a method to synthesize monomolecular thin film nanotube coatings. [cite journal | last=Maganas | first= Thomas C | coauthors= Alan L. Harrington | title= Intermittent film deposition method and system | date=September 1, 1992 | id=US Patent|5143745 ]

1992

* First theoretical predictions of the electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes by groups at Naval Research Laboratory, USA [cite journal | first=J.W. | last=Mintmire | coauthors=et al. | title=Are Fullerene Tubules Metallic? | url=http://prola.aps.org/pdf/PRL/v68/i5/p631_1 | journal=Physical Review Letters | volume=68 | pages=631–634 | date=3 February 1992 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.631] ; Massachusetts Institute of Technology [cite journal | first=R. | last=Saito | coauthors=et al. | title=Electronic structure of graphene tubules based on C60 | url=http://prola.aps.org/pdf/PRB/v46/i3/p1804_1 | journal=Physical Review B | volume=46 | pages=1804–1811 | date=15 July 1992 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.46.1804] ; and NEC Corporation [cite journal | first=N. | last=Hamada | coauthors=et al. | title=New One-Dimensional Conductors: Graphitic Microtubules | url=http://prola.aps.org/pdf/PRL/v68/i10/p1579_1 | journal=Physical Review Letters | volume=68 | pages=1579–1581 | date=9 March 1992 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.1579]

1993

* Groups led by [http://domino.research.ibm.com/comm/research_people.nsf/pages/bethune.index.html Donald S. Bethune] at IBM [cite journal | first=D. S. | last=Bethune | coauthors=et al. | title=Cobalt-catalysed growth of carbon nanotubes with single-atomic-layer walls | url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v363/n6430/abs/363605a0.html | journal=Nature | volume=363 | pages=605–607 | date=17 June 1993 | doi=10.1038/363605a0] and Sumio Iijima at NEC [cite journal | first=Sumio | last=Iijima | coauthors=Toshinari Ichihashi | title=Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter | url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v363/n6430/abs/363603a0.html | journal=Nature | volume=363 | pages=603–605 | date=17 June 1993 | doi=10.1038/363603a0] independently discover single-wall carbon nanotubes and methods to produce them using transition-metal catalysts.

1995

* Swiss resesearchers are the first to demonstrate the electron emission properties of carbon nanotubes [cite journal | first=W. A. | last=de Heer | coauthors=et al. | title=A Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Electron Source | url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;270/5239/1179 | journal= Science | volume=270 | pages=1179–1180 | date=17 November 1995 | doi=10.1126/science.270.5239.1179] . German inventors Till Keesmann and Hubert Grosse-Wilde predicted this property of carbon nanotubes earlier in the year in their patent application [ [http://www.freepatentsonline.com/EP0801805.html FIELD-EMISSION CATHODE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING IT - Patent EP0801805 ] ] .

1997

* First carbon nanotube single-electron transistors (operating at low temperature) are demonstrated by groups at Delft University [cite journal | first=S. | last=Tans | coauthors=et al. | title= Individual single-wall carbon nanotubes as quantum wires | url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v386/n6624/pdf/386474a0.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=386 | pages=474–477 | date=3 April 1997 | oi: 10.1038/386474a0 | doi= 10.1038/386474a0] and UC Berkeley [cite journal | first=M. | last=Bockrath | coauthors=et al. | title=Single-Electron Transport in Ropes of Carbon Nanotubes | url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/275/5308/1922.pdf | journal=Applied Physics Letters | volume=275 | pages=1922–1925 | date=28 March 1997 | doi=10.1126/science.275.5308.1922] .

* The first suggestion of using carbon nanotubes as optical antennas is made in the patent application of inventor Robert Crowley filed in January of 1997 [http://www.google.com/patents?id=mPURAAAAEBAJ&dq=6700550] .

1998

* First carbon nanotube field-effect transistors are demonstrated by groups at Delft University [cite journal | first=S. | last=Tans | coauthors=et al. | title=Room-temperature transistor based on a single carbon nanotube | url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v393/n6680/pdf/393049a0.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=393 | pages=49–52 | date=7 May 1998 | doi = 10.1038/29954] and IBM [cite journal | first=R. | last=Martel | coauthors=et al. | title=Single- and multi-wall carbon nanotube field-effect transistors | url=http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=APPLAB000073000017002447000001 | journal=Applied Physics Letters | volume=73 | pages=2447–2449 | date=26 October 1998 | doi=10.1063/1.122477] .

2000

* First demonstration proving that bending changes resistance [Tombler et al. Reversible electromechanical characteristics of carbon nanotubes under local-probe manipulation, Nature, Volume 405, Issue 6788, pp. 769-772 (2000)]

2001

* April — IBM announces a technique for automatically developing pure semiconductor surfaces from nanotubes. [cite journal | first=Philip | last=Collins | coauthors=Michael S. Arnold, Phaedon Avouris | title=Engineering Carbon Nanotubes and Nanotube Circuits Using Electrical Breakdown | url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/292/5517/706 | journal=Science | volume=292 | pages=706–709 | date=27 April 2001 | doi=10.1126/science.1058782]

2002

* January — Multi-walled nanotubes demonstrated to be fastest known oscillators (> 50 GHz). [cite web | url=http://focus.aps.org/story/v9/st4 | title=Nanotubes in the Fast Lane | date=18 January 2002 | accessdate=2006-10-21]
* REBO method of quickly and accurately modeling classical nanotube behavior is described. [cite web | url=http://sinnott.mse.ufl.edu/sub05b_nanomechanics.html | title=Nanotube-Based New Materials: Filling | accessdate=2006-10-21]

2003

* April — Demonstration proves that bending changes resistance. [cite web | url=http://focus.aps.org/story/v11/st15 | title=Nanotubes Under Stress | date=16 April 2003 | accessdate=2006-10-21]
* June — High purity (20% impure) nanotubes with metallic properties were reported to be extracted with electrophoretic techniques. [cite news | url=http://physicsweb.org/article/news/7/6/19/1 | title=Nanotubes go their separate ways | first=Belle | last=Dumé | publisher=Physicsweb | date=27 June 2003 | accessdate=2006-10-21]
* September — NEC announced stable fabrication technology of carbon nanotube transistors [cite press release | title=Tests Verify Carbon Nanotube Enable Ultra High Performance Transistor | publisher=NEC | date = September 19, 2003 | url=http://www.nec.co.jp/press/en/0309/1901.html | accessdate = 2006-10-21]

2004

* June — Scientists from China's Tsinghua University and Louisiana State University demonstrated the use of nanotubes in incandescent lamps, replacing a tungsten filament in a lightbulb with a carbon nanotube one. [Wei JQ et al. (2004), "Carbon nanotube filaments in household light bulbs", Applied Physics Letters 84]
* March — Nature published a photo of an individual 4 cm long single-wall nanotube (SWNT). [cite journal | first=L. X. | last=Zheng | coauthors=et al. | year=2004 | title=Ultralong single-wall carbon nanotubes | journal=Nature Materials | volume=3 | pages=673–676 | doi=10.1038/nmat1216]
* August — Varying the applied voltage emits light at different points along a tube. [cite web | url=http://focus.aps.org/story/v14/st8 | title=Spotlight on Nanotubes | date=19 August 2004 | accessdate=2006-10-21]

2005

* May — A prototype high-definition 10-centimetre flat screen made using nanotubes was exhibited. [cite news | url=http://www.newscientisttech.com/article/mg18625006.800 | title=Carbon nanotubes used in computer and TV screens | date=21 May 2005 | publisher = New Scientist | pages=28]
* August — University of California finds Y-shaped nanotubes to be ready-made transistors. [cite news | url=http://www.newscientisttech.com/article/dn7847 | title=Y-shaped nanotubes are ready-made transistors | date=15 August 2005 | first=Will | last=Knight | publisher=New Scientist Tech | accessdate=2006-10-21]
* August — General Electric announced the development of an ideal carbon nanotube diode that operates at the "theoretical limit" (the best possible performance). A photovoltaic effect was also observed in the nanotube diode device that could lead to breakthroughs in solar cells, making them more efficient and thus more economically viable. [cite press release | url=http://www.ge.com/stories/en/20231.html?category=Products_Business | title=GE's Research Program Achieves Major Feat in Nanotechnology | publisher=GE | accessdate=2006-10-22]
* August — Nanotube sheet synthesised with dimensions 5 × 100 cm. [cite news | url=http://nanotechweb.org/articles/news/4/8/13/1 | title=Carbon-nanotube fabric measures up | date=18 August 2005 | publisher=Nanotechweb.org]
* September — Applied Nanotech (Texas), in conjunction with six Japanese electronics firms, have created a prototype of a 25-inch TV using carbon nanotubes. The prototype TV does not suffer from "ghosting," as some types of digital TVs do. [cite web | url=http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=19 | title=Applied Nanotech To Produce 25-Inch Colour Carbon Nanotube TV | date=30 September 2003 | accessdate=2006-10-22]
* September — Researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory demonstrated that ignition by a conventional flashbulb takes place when a layer of 29% iron enriched SWNT is placed on top of a layer of explosive material such as PETN. With ordinary explosives optical ignition is only possible with high powered lasers. [cite journal | title=Flash Ignition and Initiation of Explosives-Nanotubes Mixture | first=M. Riad | last=Manaa | coauthors=et al. | journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc. | year=2005 | volume= 127(40) |pages=13786–13787 | doi=10.1021/ja0547127]
* September — Researchers demonstrated a new way to coat MWNT's with magnetite which after orientation in a magnetic field were able to attract each other over a distance of at least 10 micrometres. [ [http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/CC/article.asp?doi=b506758h Chemical Communications Articles ] ] The nanotubes were functionalized with negatively charged carboxylic acid groups in an AIBN type free radical addition. Magnetite nanoparticles prepared by the Massart method were given a positive charge by washing with nitric acid which made them stick to the nanotubes by electrostatic forces.
* September — American and Korean scientists, working at Columbia University and Pohang University of Science and Technology and lead by Professor's Philip Kim of Columbia and Kim Kwang-Soo of Pohang, succeeded in pulling out a nested tube from a multiwalled nanotube (MWNT). [cite journal | journal=PNAS | date=October 4, 2005 | volume=102 (40) | pages=14155–14158 | title=Extracting subnanometer single shells from ultralong multiwalled carbon nanotubes | first=Byung Hee |last=Hong | coauthors=et al. | url=http://pico.phys.columbia.edu/pdf_papers/PNAS_102_2005_BH.pdf | format=PDF]
* November — Liquid flows up to five orders of magnitude faster than predicted through array. [cite news | url=http://nanotechweb.org/articles/news/4/11/8/1 | title=Nanotube flow faster than predicted | date=11 November 2005 | publisher=Nanotechweb.org]
* December — Indian Institutes of Technology Kanpur(India) announces presence of CNT in Soft-Kohl. [cite news | title=Cutting Edge - The nano science of kajal | date = December 11, 2005 | first=Rao Jaswant | last= Singh | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/full_story.php?content_id=83723 | accessdate = 2006-10-21]

2006

* January — Thin films of nanotubes made by evaporation. [cite news | url=http://nanotechweb.org/articles/news/5/1/16/1 | title=Drying droplets create nanotube films | date=25 January 2006 | first=Liz | last=Kalaugher | accessdate=2006-10-21]
* January — Another new method for growing forests of nanotubes is announced. [cite news | url=http://nanotechweb.org/articles/news/5/1/4/1 | title=Carbon nanotubes grow from base | date=10 January 2006 | accessdate=2006-10-21 | first=Liz |last=Kalaugher]
* January — Elasticity increased from 20% to 280% by raising temperatures, causing diameter and conductivity to change greatly. [cite news | url=http://nanotechweb.org/articles/news/5/1/12/1 | title=Carbon nanotubes go superplastic | date=19 January 2006 | accessdate=2006-10-21
cite journal | url=http://cnanotech.com/download_files/Issued_Patents/US06986876.pdf | format=PDF | id=US Patent|6986876 | title=Method for forming composites of sub-arrays of single-wall carbon nanotubes | date=January 17, 2006 | last=Smalley | first= Richard E. | coauthors = et al.]
* March — IBM announces that they have built an electronic circuit around a CNT. [cite news | url=http://money.cnn.com/2006/03/24/technology/ibm_semiconductor/index.htm | title=IBM takes step towards chip nanotechnology | publisher=CNN Money | date=March 24, 2006
cite news | url=http://www.newscientisttech.com/article/dn8888 | title=Nanotube circuit could boost chip speeds | date=23 March 2006 | first=Stu | last=Hutson
cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4839088.stm | title=Nano circuit offers big promise | date=24 March 2006]
* March — Nanotubes used as a scaffold for damaged nerve regeneration. [cite news | url=http://www.newscientisttech.com/channel/tech/nanotechnology/dn8840-optic-nerve-regrown-with-a-nanofibre-scaffold-.html | title=Optic nerve regrown with a nanofibre scaffold | date=13 March 2006]
* May — Method of placing nanotube accurately is developed by IBM. [cite news | url=http://www.newscientisttech.com/article/dn9241 | title=Carbon nanotubes pinned down at last | date=30 May 2006]
* June — Gadget invented by Rice University that can sort nanotubes by size and electrical properties [cite news | url=http://www.newscientisttech.com/article.ns?id=dn9419 | title=Gadget sorts nanotubes by size | date=27 June 2006]
* July — Nanotubes were alloyed into the carbon fiber bike that won the 2006 Tour de France. [cite news | url=http://news.com.com/Carbon+nanotubes+enter+Tour+de+France/2100-11395_3-6091347.html?tag=fd_carsl | title=Carbon nanotubes enter Tour de France | date=July 7, 2006]
* August — oscillating nanotubes found to detect and identify individual molecules. [cite news | url=http://www.newscientisttech.com/article/dn9857-carbonnanotube-strings-may-id-single-molecules.html | title=Carbon-nanotube 'strings' may ID single molecules | date=28 August 2006 | publisher=New Scientist]

References

External links

* New Scientist — [http://technology.newscientist.com/channel/tech/nanotechnology Special Report on Nanotechnology]