- Dudd Dudley
Dudd (Dud) Dudley (1600 – 1684), was an English metallurgist, who fought on the Royalist side in the
English Civil War as a soldier, military engineer, and supplier of munitions. He was one of the first Englishmen to smeltiron ore with coke successfully.Background and early life
Dudley was the illegitimate son of
Edward Sutton, 5th Baron Dudley ofDudley Castle , and grandson ofEdward Sutton, 4th Baron Dudley . Dudd was the fourth of Lord Dudley's eleven children by nis 'concubine' Elizabeth, the daughter of William Tomlinson (she died 3 July 1629). Strictly, he was called Dudd Dudley otherwise Tomlinson. His eldest brother was Robert Dudley of Netherton Hall. Dudd married Eleanor Heaton, (1606-1675), onOctober 12 ,1626 , at St. Helen's Church, Worcester." Oxford DNB"]Lord Dudley, though he had a legitimate son and granddaughter, seems to have attended to the up-bringing of his natural children by Elizabeth Tomlinson; he educated them and provided for them. Dudd was raised at
Himley Hall . As a youth, he began his study of the various processes of iron manufacture at his father'siron works near Dudley. His speculations in the improvement of iron production were encouraged by his father, who gave him an education intended to enhance his practical abilities.Ironmaster
In 1618, at the age of 20, Dud left
Balliol College, Oxford , to charge of his father's furnace and forges onPensnett Chase . Later he referred 'wood andcharcoal growing then scant and pit-coles ... abounding', so began to use the latter. He turned the coal into coke, a hard, foam-like mass of almost purecarbon made from bituminous coal, and later claimed to have perfected the use of coal instead of charcoal for iron production.Dudley probably modified his furnace to accommodate the new process, but the quantity of iron initially produced was reduced to about three tons a week from a furnace. Dudd wrote to his father, then in
London , informing him of his success, desiring him to immediately seek apatent from King James. Dudley'spatent , datedFebruary 22 ,1620 , was taken out by (and in the name of) his father Edward, Lord Dudley.Dudley proceeded with the manufacture of iron at Pensnett, and
Cradley inStaffordshire , and a year after the patent was granted he was able to send a considerable quantity of the new iron for trial to theTower of London . Under the King's command, many experiments were made with it: its qualities were fairly tested, and it was pronounced "good merchantable iron". ["Metallum Martis"]The
Black Country , including Dudley, was already a major centre of iron manufacture in England. With such an obvious abundance of coal, some places being found in seams up to ten feet thick, and ironstone four feet in depth immediately under the coal, and with limestone adjacent to both, the ability to make iron with coal (coke) held out the prospect of great profits, but Dudd Dudley failed to obtain them.The Great Mayday Flood
The new works had been in successful operation little more than a year, when a flood swept away Dudley's principal works at Cradley, and otherwise caused considerable damage downstream.
"At the market town called
Stourbridge ," according to Dudd, "although the author sent with speed to preserve the people from drowning, and one resolute man was carried from the bridge there in the day time, the nether part of the town was so deep in water that the people had much ado to preserve their lives in the uppermost rooms of their houses."Dudd, undaunted and with a passion, set to work repairing his furnaces and forges at some great cost; and in a short time was again back in full production. However, the "
charcoal ironmaster s ... did him much prejuduice, nnot only by detaining his stock, but disparaging the iron". ["Metallum Martis" (1854 edn), 11-12. ]In order to ascertain the quality of the product by testing it on a large scale, the King commanded Dudd to send to the
Tower of London , quantities of all the various sorts of bar iron made by him, fit for the "making ofmusket s,carbine s, and iron for great bolts for shipping; which iron", records Dudd, "being so tried by artists and smiths, the ironmasters and ironmongers were all silenced until the 21st year of King James's reign".Later Furnaces
However, this favourable report on his iron did not prevent him being "outed of his works and inventions ... by the charcoal ironmasters and others, overlong to relate". ["Metallum Martis". ] This certainly applies to his second furnace, at
Himley , which his father let this to Richard Foley in 1625, and may well apply to Cradley, which was later in Foley's hands. [King, 'Dud Dudley's contribution', 45. ]Afterwards he built a new furnace, Hasco or Hascod Furnace near what is now Askew Bridge at
Gornal .There The Authour Erected a new large Furnace on purpose, 27 foot square, all of stone for his new Invention, at a place called Hasco Bridge, in the parish of Sedgley, and County of Stafford; the Bellows of which Furnace were larger then ordinary Bellows are, in which work he made 7 Tuns of Iron per week, the greatest quantity of Pit-cole-Iron that ever yet was made in Great Brittain; near which Furnace, the Author discovered many new Cole-mines 10 yards thick, and Iron-mine under it, according to other Cole-works; which Cole-works being brought unto perfection, the Author was by force thrown out of them, and the Bellows of his new Furnace and Invention, by riotous persons cut in pieces, to his no small prejudice, and loss of his Invention of making of Iron with Pit-cole, Sea-cole, &c. he did not make more on an average than five tons a week, with seven tons at the outside. ["Metallum Martis", 16.]
Dudd was economical with the truth. Hasco furnace was built in 1626, but in November 1627 he let to Roger Hill, who assigned it to Foley. After Foley had used it for nine months he heard that Lord Dduley was caliming it and "durst not bring any stock" there, but continued to pay the rent. Dudd and Foley had an oral agreement for the supply orironstone , but Lord Dudley discharged the workmen from the mines, and stopped Foley's horses carrying the ironstone until Foley paid for it (again) to Lord Dudley. Ultimately, his father 'entered' the furnace in 1631, and cut the dam. The bellows were probably cut without Lord Dudley's approval, but hisre-entry to forfeit the lease was lawful and thus not ariot . [King, 'Dud Dudley's contribution', 45-6. ]After ironmaking
Dud "claimed" the manor of Himley, because his father had at one point put this in his name, probably to avoid it being seized by his creditors. This led to Chancery proceedings, which he lost, spending a time in prison for contempt of court.
He obtained a new patent in 1638 for
smelting metals with pitcoal, but was probably unable to exploit it. Of this period, he wrote,So that being with Law-Suites, and Riots, wearied and disabled to prosecute his Art and. Invention at present, even until the first Pattent was extinct: Nothwithstanding the Author his sad. Sufferings, Imprisonments wrongfully for several thousand pound in the Counter in London, yet did obtaine a new Pattent, dated the 2d of May, Anno 14. Caroli Primi of ever Blessed Memory, not only for the making of Iron into cast-works, and bars, but also for the Melting, Extracting, Refing and Reducing of all Mines, Minerals and. Mettals, with Pit-cole, Sea-cole, Peat, and Turf, for the preservation of Wood and Timber of this Island; into which Pattent, the Author, for the better support and management of his Invention, so much opposed formerly at the Court, at the Parliament, and at the Law, took in David Ramasey, Esquire, Resident at the Court; Sir George Horsey, at the Parliament; Roger Foulke, Esquire, a Counsellour of the Temple, and an Ingenious Man; and also an Iron Master, my Neighbour, and one who did well know my former Sufferings, and what I had done in the Invention of making of Iron with Pit-cole, etc. [D. Dudley, "Metallum Martis", 16.]
Civil War
He served as an army officer in the
Bishops War and on the Royalist side throughout theEnglish Civil War . In 1648, he and others were captured byAndrew Yarranton (a Parliamentary captain) in "Bosco Bello" (Boscobel ) woods, while they were planning a Royalist rising to seizeDawley Castle. He was sent to London and tried fortreason . He and his fellow conspirators were condemned to death, but escaped during "sermon time" from the Gatehouse, the prison atWestminster where they were held. [Smiles. His Civil War service is described in A. Bedford-Smith, 'Dudonius Dudley' (typescript in Birmingham Central Library, class L78.1). ]He escaped to
Bristol and lived in hiding as "Dr Hunt", a medical doctor. In 1651, shortly before the 1638 patetn was due to expire, he set uplead smelting works in partnership with connections of a medical patient, using an "old belhouse for the bloomery" atClifton, Bristol . This was probably areverberatory furnace and the first known use of such for this purpose. This did not work out, but it is possible that he was associated with a later venture at Stockley Slade (nowNightingale Valley ) on the other side of the Avon. [King, 'Sir Clement Clerke', 35-6. ]"Metallum Martis"
After the Restoration, Dudd's lands reverted to him, having been sold by "usurping powers" in about 1652.
His book "
Metallum Martis " (1665 -- quoted above) is Dudd Dudley's personal view of his discovery, after he had unsuccessfully petitioned King Charles II, to restore his public offices and patents.Metallum Martis may be regarded as a prospectus, seeking investors to exploit his invention of coke smelting. This appears to have been successful as a furnace was built at
Dudley (whose existence is recalled by the street name "Furnace Road". In subsequent litigation, SirClement Clerke (one of the partners) stated,Dud Dudley did heretofore build a furnace for making iron or melting
This melted down "ironstone with charcoal made of wood and pitcoal". Such a horsemill-poweredironstone to be blown or set on work by the strength of men and horses without the help of water.blast furnace is almost certainly unique, and only operated for a few years. [King, 'Dud Dudley's contribution'; and 'Sir Clement Clerke'. ]Dudley's last years are obscure. He probably lived in Friar Street,
Worcester , where he had a house derived from his first wife's family. ["Metallum Martis"; P. Hughes and N. Molyneux, "Worcester Streets: Friar Street" (Worcester 1984), 22. ] He may have practised as a doctor there. [M. White, 'Yet another side of Dud Dudley', "The Blackcountryman" 39(2) (2006), 70-2. ] He married again and had a son in his old age. [King, 'Dud Dudley's contribution', 50. ] He died in 1684, at age 85. He was buried in the parish church St. Helen's, Worcester, where he had erected a monument to his first wife, bearing the following Latin inscription::"Dodo Dudley chiliarchi nobilis Edwardi nuper domini de Dudley filius, patri charus et regiae Majestatis fidissimus subditus et servus in asserendo regein, in vindicartdo ecclesiam, in propugnando legem ac libertatem Anglicanam, saepe captus, anno 1648, semel condemnatus et tamen non decollatus, renatum denuo vidit diadaema hic inconcussa semper virtute senex."
Strangely, no one added the date of his own to the monument.
Posterity
The existence of "Metallum Martis" meant that many historians have noted his achievements. Dudd has been seen as the forerunner of later success by Abraham Darby and others in smelting iron with coke in the 18th century. However it remains unclear to what extent he was its technological ancestor (rather than a mere precuror). In "Metallum Martis", he named a relative of his first wife to whom he would leave his knowledge, but nothing came of that. However, there are two possible linkages to later developments:
* Abraham Darby, who took over the ironworks atCoalbrookdale in 1709 was descended from Dudd's older sister (of the whole blood). [Carl Higgs, 'Dud Dudley and Abraham Darby; Forging New Links' "The Blackcountryman" [http://www.blackcountrysociety.co.uk/articles/duddudley.htm] ]
* SirClement Clerke (q.v.), a partner in the Dudley, developed lead smelting inreverberatory furnace s. He and his son Talbot Clerke then applied this to copper smelting and to ironfoundry work. Associates in the latter business, floated as theCompany for Making Iron with Pitcoal built a coke furnace atCleator inCumberland in the 1690s. That company had some dispute withShadrach Fox ofCoalbrookdale who was casting shot for theBoard of Ordnance , and may have used coal at another furnace atWombridge . [P. W. King, 'Sir Clement Clerke'. ]References
*Dudley, Dudd (1665). "Dud Dudley's Metallum Martis". repr. London, 1854.
*Smiles, Samuel (1901). "Industrial Biographies". London: John Murray.
*King, P. W., ‘Dudley, Dud (1600?–1684)’, "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", Oxford University Press Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8146, accessed 2 April 2008] .
*King, P. W., 'Sir Clement Clerke and the Adoption of coal in Metallurgy' "Transactions of Newcomen Society" 73(1) (2001-2), 33-52.
*King, P. W., 'Dud Dudley's contribution to metallurgy' "Historical Metallurgy" 36(1) (2002), 43-53.
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