- Pedology (soil study)
Pedology (from Greek: πέδον, "pedon", "soil"; and λόγος, "logos", "study") is the study of soils in their natural environment. [cite web |url = http://natres.psu.ac.th/Link/SoilCongress/bdd/symp45/75-t.pdf | title = Soil Preservation and the Future of Pedology | author = Ronald Amundsen |accessdate = 2006-06-08|format=PDF] It is one of two main branches of
soil science , the other beingedaphology . Pedology deals withpedogenesis ,soil morphology , andsoil classification , while edaphology studies the way soils influenceplants ,fungi , and other living things.Overview
Soil is not only a support for vegetation, but it is also the zone (thepedosphere ) of numerous interactions betweenclimate (water, air, temperature),soil life (micro-organisms, plants, animals) and its residues, themineral material of the original and added rock, and its position in the landscape. During its formation and genesis, thesoil profile slowly deepens and develops characteristic layers, called 'horizons', while a steady state balance is approached.Soil users (such as
agronomist s) showed initially little concern in the dynamics of soil. They saw it as medium whose chemical, physical and biological properties were useful for the services of agronomic productivity [Saltini Antonio, "Storia delle scienze agrarie", 4 vols, Bologna 1984-89, ISBN 88-206-2412-5, ISBN 88-206-2413-3, ISBN 88-206-2414-1, ISBN 88-206-2414-X] . On the other hand, pedologists and geologists did not initially focus on the agronomic applications of the soil characteristics (edaphic properties) but upon its relation to the nature and history of landscapes. Today, there's an integration of the two disciplinary approaches as part of landscape and environmental sciences.Pedologists are now also interested in the practical applications of a good understanding of
pedogenesis processes (the evolution and functioning of soils), like interpreting its environmental history and predicting consequences of changes in land use, while agronomists understand that the cultivated soil is a complex medium, often resulting from several thousands of years of evolution. They understand that the current balance is fragile and that only a thorough knowledge of its history makes it possible to ensure its sustainable use.Concepts
*Complexity in soil genesis is more common than simplicity.
*Soils lie at the interface ofEarth's atmosphere ,biosphere ,hydrosphere andlithosphere . Therefore, a thorough understanding of soils requires some knowledge ofmeteorology ,climatology ,ecology ,biology ,hydrology ,geomorphology ,geology and many otherearth sciences andnatural sciences .
*Contemporary soils carry imprints of pedogenic processes that were active in the past, although in many cases these imprints are difficult to observe or quantify. Thus, knowledge ofpaleoecology ,palaeogeography ,glacial geology andpaleoclimatology is important for the recognition and understanding of soil genesis and constitute a basis for predicting the future soil changes.
*Five major, external factors of soil formation (climate , organisms, relief,parent material and time), and several smaller, less identifiable ones, drive pedogenic processes and create soil patterns.
*Characteristics of soils and soil landscapes, e.g., the number, sizes, shapes and arrangements of soil bodies, each of which is characterized on the basis ofsoil horizons , degree of internal homogeneity,slope ,aspect , landscape position, age and other properties and relationships, can be observed and measured.
*Distinctive bioclimatic regimes or combinations of pedogenic processes produce distinctive soils. Thus, distinctive, observable morphological features, e.g.,illuvial clay accumulation in B horizons, are produced by certain combinations of pedogenic processes operative over varying periods of time.
*Pedogenic (soil-forming) processes act to both create and destroy order (anisotropy ) within soils; these processes can proceed simultaneously. The resultingsoil profile reflects the balance of these processes, present and past.
*The geological Principle ofUniformitarianism applies to soils, i.e., pedogenic processes active in soils today have been operating for long periods of time, back to the time of appearance of organisms on the land surface. These processes do, however, have varying degrees of expression and intensity over space and time.
*A succession of different soils may have developed, eroded and/or regressed at any particular site, as soil genetic factors and site factors, e.g.,vegetation ,sedimentation ,geomorphology , change.
*There are very few old soils (in a geological sense) because they can be destroyed or buried by geological events, or modified by shifts in climate by virtue of their vulnerable position at the surface of the earth. Little of the soil continuum dates back beyond theTertiary period and most soils and land surfaces are no older than thePleistocene Epoch. However, preserved/lithified soils (paleosols) are an almost ubiqutious feature in terrestrial (land-based) environments throughout most of geologic time. Since they record evidence of ancient climate change, they present immense utility in understanding climate evolution throughout geologic history.
*Knowledge and understanding of the genesis of a soil is important in its classification and mapping.
*Soil classification systems cannot be based entirely on perceptions of genesis, however, because genetic processes are seldom observed and because pedogenic processes change over time.
*Knowledge of soil genesis is imperative and basic to soil use and management. Human influence on, or adjustment to, the factors and processes of soil formation can be best controlled and planned using knowledge about soil genesis.
*Soils are natural clay factories (clay includes bothclay mineral structures and particles less than 2 µm in diameter).Shale s worldwide are, to a considerable extent, simply soil clays that have been formed in thepedosphere anderoded and deposited in the ocean basins, to becomelithified at a later date.[Buol, Stanley W., F,D. Hole and R.W. McCracken. 1997. Soil Genesis and Classification, 4th ed. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames ISBN 0-8138-2873-2] [Hole Francis D., J.B. Campbell. 1985. Soil landscape analysis. Totowa Rowman & Allanheld, 214 p. ISBN 0-86598-140-X]
Famous pedologists
*
Olivier de Serres
*Bernard Palissy
*Vasily V. Dokuchaev
*Eugene W. Hilgard
*Hans Jenny
*Charles E. Kellogg
*Curtis F. Marbutee also
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Agricultural sciences basic topics References
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