Dan Kahan

Dan M. Kahan

Full name	Dan M. Kahan
Era	Elizabeth K. Dollard Professor at Yale Law School
Region	Professor of Law
Main interests	Cultural cognition, Criminal Law, Evidence
Influenced by Jeremy Bentham, Karl Llewellyn, Abraham Goldstein

Dan M. Kahan is the Elizabeth K. Dollard Professor of law at Yale Law School. He is a leading scholar in the fields of criminal law and evidence and is known for his theory of Cultural cognition.

Education

After attending a boarding school in Vermont, Professor Kahan received a B.A. summa cum laude from Middlebury College in 1986, where he studied under Professor Murray Dry.^[1] While at Middlebury, he spent his Junior year at Lincoln College, Oxford. He then received a J.D. magna cum laude from Harvard Law School in 1989 , where he learned Tort Law from Lewis Sargentich and Criminal Law from Charles Ogletree. While at [HLS], he served as President of the Harvard Law Review for volume 102.

Career

After law school, Professor Kahan served as a law clerk to Judge Harry T. Edwards of the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit (1989–90) and then to Justice Thurgood Marshall of the U.S. Supreme Court (1990–91). After clerking, he worked as an attorney for Mayer, Brown & Platt in Washington D.C. (1991–93). In 1993, Professor Kahan joined the faculty of the University of Chicago Law School where he worked with Elena Kagan. He joined the Yale Law School faculty in 1999. At Yale, he is one of the instructors in the Law School's Supreme Court Advocacy Clinic and a professor of Criminal Law and Administration. He is a recurring Visiting Professor at Harvard Law School.

Legal Theory

He accepts the central tenets of Legal Realism^{[citation needed]}. As developed at Yale Law School in the 1920s and 1930s, legal realism was less interested to demonstrate that legal rules are formally indeterminate than to explain how lawyers nonetheless form such uniform and predictable understandings of what those rules entail. Karl Llewellyn attributed this ability to what he called "situation sense", an intuitive perceptive faculty born of immersion in professional and cultural norms – the slide show of law.

Professor Kahan argues that when lawyers exercise professional judgment, and perform their professional responsibilities, they affirm the authority and extend the vitality of the norms that construct society's professional situation sense. However, law is not merely a set of rigid rules robotically applied. There is a complex, additional element of moral agency. The content of the lawyers' situation sense is inevitably contingent and dynamic: professional norms – and in turn the law itself – evolve in response to the evaluations lawyers make of the decisions and actions of each other. The only test of whether some lawyer has reliable situation sense is to see whether other lawyers (including decisionmakers) agree with her perceptions of how society's rules should be applied.^[2]

Teaching Style

Professor Kahan receives great attention from his students. He is considered a lively and popular teacher at all the law schools he has taught at. In class, he dashes up one side of the class and then the other, enthusiastically challenging students about issues surrounding the death penalty. His voice booms off the walls as he asks questions, most of which come with a laugh and a smile. He talks about the politics surrounding the law as well as the "expressiveness" of the law—how the public's views on various issues convey feelings about murderers and about mercy. He claims there's no real separation between teaching and research work. He enjoys researching issues that interest him, and also really enjoys teaching students about those same issues. In fact, he likes to help people look at issues differently and see that these issues—especially controversial ones—are more complicated than they usually may believe. He says he prepares for class for almost two and a half hours before, thinking about nothing else but what he will talk about in that class. He imagines the class and what points he wants to get across and the kinds of interesting and surprising ways he can communicate those points.^[3]

The Cultural Cognition Project

Dan Kahan is best known for his work on social norms. This research delves into cultural cognition which is the study of how individuals form beliefs about the amount of risk in certain situations based on their preconceived cultural notions of good behavior. Most of this work is supported by empirical and statistical analyses of group responses to pre-created hypotheticals.

Project members use the methods of various disciplines—including social psychology, anthropology, communications, and political science—to chart the impact of this phenomenon and to identify the mechanisms through which it operates. The Project also has an explicit normative objective: to identify processes of democratic decisionmaking by which society can resolve culturally grounded differences in belief in a manner that is both congenial to persons of diverse cultural outlooks and consistent with sound public policymaking.^[4]

Facts

He greatly respects the teachings of Jeremy Bentham. To explain the effects of the consequentialist theorem in Criminal Law, he often asks "What Would Bentham Do?" (WWBD!?).

He enjoys running marathons and playing card games that involve experimentation with live subjects.^[5][6]

He would like to see someone invent a telekineticphototransponder.^[5]

Brian Leiter's law school ratings rank Dan Kahan as the most-cited professor in criminal law and procedure.^[7]

Selected works

Shaming Sanctions

Dan Kahan believes shaming penalties are on the rise in American law, and are an effective alternative to traditional punishments. This is especially feasible and valuable for federal white collar offenders. He develops a theoretical model that connects the deterrent efficacy of such penalties to their power to signal the undesirable propensities of wrongdoers and the desirable propensities of citizens who shun wrongdoers. He believes the efficiency of such penalties is affected by their power to express publicly valued social meanings.

However, he also argues American jurisdictions have traditionally resisted fines and community service as alternatives to imprisonment, notwithstanding strong support for these sanctions among academics and reformers. Why? The answer is that these forms of punishment are expressively inferior to incarceration. The public expects punishment not only to deter crime and to impose deserved suffering, but also to make accurate statements about what the community values. Imprisonment has been and continues to be Americans' punishment of choice for serious offenses because of the resonance of liberty deprivation as a symbol of condemnation in our culture. Fines and community service either don't express condemnation as unambiguously as imprisonment, or express other valuations that Americans reject as false. He uses expressive theory to explain why the American public has consistently rejected proposals to restore corporal punishment, a form of discipline that offends egalitarian moral sensibilities; and why the public is now growing increasingly receptive to shaming punishments, which unlike conventional alternative sanctions signal condemnation unambiguously.^[8]

Professor Kahan garnered national attention for his research. He has been cited on NBC News' Today Show and in such publications as the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal for his views on alternative sanctions.^[3]

Gentle Nudges vs. Hard Shoves

The resistance of law enforcers sometimes confounds the efforts of law makers to change social norms. Thus, as legislators expand liability for date rape, domestic violence, and drunk driving, police become less likely to arrest, prosecutors to charge, jurors to convict, and judges to sentence severely. The conspicuous resistance of these decisionmakers in turn reinforces the norms that law makers intended to change. Can this "sticky norms" pathology be effectively treated? It can be, if law makers apply "gentle nudges" rather than "hard shoves". When the law embodies a relatively mild degree of condemnation, the desire of most decisionmakers to discharge their civic duties will override their reluctance to enforce a law that attacks a widespread social norm. The willingness of most decisionmakers to enforce can initiate a self-reinforcing wave of condemnation, thereby allowing lawmakers to increase the severity of the law in the future without prompting resistance from most decisionmakers. Dan Kahan presents a formal model of this strategy for norm reform, illustrates it with real world examples, and identifies its normative and prescriptive implications.^[9]

The Secret Ambition of Deterrence

Professor Kahan identifies the political and moral economies of deterrence theory in legal discourse. Drawing on an extensive social science literature, he shows that deterrence arguments in fact have little impact on citizens' views on controversial policies such as capital punishment, gun control, and hate crime laws. Citizens conventionally defend their positions in deterrence terms nonetheless only because the alternative is a highly contentious expressive idiom, which social norms, strategic calculation, and liberal morality all condemn. But not all citizens respond to these forces. Expressive zealots have an incentive to frame controversial issues in culturally partisan terms, thereby forcing moderate citizens to defect from the deterrence détente and declare their cultural allegiances as well. Accordingly, deliberations permanently cycle between the disengaged, face-saving idiom of deterrence and the partisan, face-breaking idiom of expressive condemnation. These dynamics complicate the normative assessment of deterrence. By abstracting from contentious expressive judgments, deterrence arguments serve the ends of liberal public reason, which enjoins citizens to advance arguments accessible to individuals of diverse moral persuasions. But precisely because deterrence arguments denude the law of social meaning, the prominence of the deterrence idiom impedes progressives from harnessing the expressive power of the law to challenge unjust social norms. There is no stable discourse equilibrium between the deterrence and expressive idioms, either as a positive matter or a normative one.^[10]

Cultural Cognition

Cultural Cognition: "Blunders" or "Values"?, 119 Harv. L. Rev. F. 166 (2006)(with Paul Slovic)

Cultural Cognition and Public Policy, 24 Yale L. & Pol'y Rev. 149 (2006) (with Donald Braman)

Miscellaneous Works

Fear of Democracy: A Cultural Evaluation of Sunstein on Risk, 119 Harv. L. Rev. 1071 (2006) (with Paul Slovic, Donald Braman & John Gastil)

Modeling Facts, Culture and Cognition in the Gun Debate, 18 Social Justice Res.203 (2005) (with Donald Braman & James Grimmelman)

References

1. ^ "Abstracts". Political Philosophy and the Constitution: A Conference in Honor of Professor Murray Dry. http://dryconference.org/?page_id=6. 
2. ^ Yale 2006 Commencement Address. Accessed May 15, 2008.
3. ^ ^{a b} The Chicago Chronicle Profile on Dan Kahan. Accessed May 15, 2008.
4. ^ Empirical Legal Studies. Accessed May 15, 2008.
5. ^ ^{a b} Law Preview Professors. Accessed April 12, 2009.
6. ^ Cultural Cognition. Accessed April 12, 2009.
7. ^ Most Cited Law Professors by Specialty, 2000-2007. Accessed April 15, 2008.
8. ^ What do Alternative Sanctions Mean?. Accessed May 15, 2008.
9. ^ Gentle Nudges vs. Hard Shoves: Solving the Sticky Norms Problem. Accessed May 15, 2008.
10. ^ Secret Ambition of Deterrence. Accessed May 15, 2008.

External links

• Dan Kahan's Homepage
• Criminal Law Course Outline
• The Yale Law School
• (No Longer Very Recent) Race Results
• 2006 Yale Law School Commencement Remarks
• Public Lecture on Cultural Cognition

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