Canary Islands in pre-colonial times

The Canary Islands have been known since antiquity; the islands themselves are estimated to be 30 million years old. [cite book
last = O'Brien
first = Sally
authorlink =
title = Canary Islands
publisher = Lonely Planet
year = 2004
doi =
isbn = ISBN 174059374X ] . The Canaries were populated by an indigenous population called the Guanches, whose origin is still the subject of discussion among historians and linguists.

Population origins

Archaeology and History

The origins of the Canarian indigenous people are still the subject of debate. Numerous theories have been put forward, achieving varying degrees of acceptance.

Archaeology suggests that the original settlers arrived by sea, importing domestic animals such as goats, sheep, pigs and dogs and cereals such as wheat, barley and lentils. They also brought with them a set of well-defined socio-cultural practices that seem to have originated and been in use for a long period of time elsewhere.

There is evidence to prove that various Mediterranean civilisations in antiquity knew of the islands' existence and established contact with them. The islands were visited by the Phoenicians, the Greeks and the Carthaginians. According to Pliny the Elder, the 1st century AD Roman author and philosopher, an expedition of Mauritanians sent by Juba II to the archipelago visited the islands, finding them to be uninhabited, but that there were ruins of great buildings. [cite book |last=Galindo |first=Juan de Abreu |authorlink= |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=The History of the Discovery and Conquest of the Canary Islands |origdate= |origyear= |origmonth= |url= |format= |accessdate= |accessyear= |accessmonth= |edition= |date= |year= |month= |publisher=Adamant Media Corporation |location= |language= |isbn=1-4021-7269-9 |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages=173 |chapter=VII |chapterurl= |quote= ] When King Juba, the Roman protegee, dispatched a contingent to re-open the dye production facility at Mogador (historical name of Essaouira, Morocco) in the early 1st century AD, [C.Michael Hogan, "Chellah", The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham, [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=17910] ] Juba's naval force was subsequently sent on an exploration of the Canary Islands, using Mogador as their mission base.

In the Middle Ages the islands were visited by Arab and European sailors. The indigenous population of the Canaries, therefore, did not develop in complete isolation.

Today, archaeological and ethnographic studies have led most scholars to accept the view that the pre-colonial population of the Canaries shared common origins with North African Berber tribes from the Atlas Mountains region who began to arrive in the Canaries by sea around 1000 BCE or earlier. However, there is no archaeological or historical evidence to prove that either the Berber tribes of the Atlas Mountains or the Canarian pre-colonial population had knowledge or made use of navigation techniques. The peak of Tenerife is visible from the African coast on the very clearest of days, but the currents around the islands tend to lead the boats southwest and west, past the archipelago and into the Atlantic Ocean.

Most scholars would now agree that the earliest reliable dates related to permanent human occupation can be traced back to about 1000 BCE, but different absolute dating technologies such as ¹⁴C and thermoluminescence have provided variable results. Inadequate methodologies and an insufficient number of absolute datings carried out throughout the archipelago have yielded inconsistencies and information gaps.

There still exists however a variety of theories regarding the origins of pre-colonial Canarians explaining them by the hypothesis of a more recent immigration. Some scholars (mainly from the University of La Laguna, in Tenerife) defend the theory that the Canarian populations are Punic-Phoenician in origin. Professor D. Juan Álvarez Delgado, on the other hand, argued that the Canaries were uninhabited until 100 BCE, when they were gradually discovered by Greek and Roman sailors. In the second half of the first century BCE, King Juba II of Numidia abandoned North African prisoners on the islands, who eventually became the prehispanic Canarians. The fact that the first inhabitants were abandoned prisoners thus explains, according to Álvarez Delgado, their lack of navigational acumen.

Although denied by certain scholars (cf. Abreu Galindo 1977: 297), specialisation of labour and a hierarchy system seem to have governed the social structures of the Canarian precolonial populations. In Tenerife the highest figure was known as the "Mencey", although, by the time the first Spanish incursions in the Canaries took place, Tenerife had already been divided into nine "menceyatos" (i.e. separate regions of the island controlled by its own Mencey), namely "Anaga, Tegueste, Tacoronte, Taoro, Icod, Daute, Adeje, Abona and Güimar". Despite the fact that all "Menceys" were independent and absolute owners of their territory within the island, it was the "Mencey of Taoro" who acted, according to the chronicles, as primus inter pares. Gran Canaria, on the other hand, appears to have been divided into two "guanartematos" (i.e. functionally, politically and structurally differentiated regions): "Telde" and "Gáldar", each governed by a "Guanarteme".

Studies of precolonial Canarian society illustrate both agricultural and pastoral ways of life in the Canaries (cf. Diego Cuscoy 1963: 44; González Antón & Tejera Gaspar 1990: 78).

At the time of European engagement, the Canary Islands were inhabited by a variety of indigenous communities. The pre-colonial population of the Canaries is generically referred to as Guanches, although, strictly speaking, Guanches were originally the inhabitants of Tenerife. According to the chronicles, the inhabitants of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote were referred to as "Maxos", Gran Canaria was inhabited by the Canarians, El Hierro by the "Bimbaches", La Palma by the "Auaritas" and La Gomera by the "Gomeros". Evidence does seem to suggest that inter-insular interaction was relatively low and each island was populated by its own distinct socio-cultural groups who lived in relative isolation.

Little information has survived regarding the religious and cosmological beliefs of the Guanches. Indigenous Canarian people often performed their religious practices in places marked by particular striking geographical features or types of vegetation. Certain sites containing architectonic remains and cave paintings have been identified as sanctuaries.

Population Genetics

A 2003 genetics research article by Nicole Maca-Meyer et al. published in the European Journal of Human Genetics compared aboriginal Guanche mtDNA (collected from Canarian archaeological sites) to that of today's Canarians and concluded that, "despite the continuous changes suffered by the population (Spanish colonisation, slave trade), aboriginal mtDNA [direct maternal] lineages constitute a considerable proportion [42 – 73%] of the Canarian gene pool. Although the Berbers are the most probable ancestors of the Guanches, it is deduced that important human movements [e.g., the Islamic-Arabic conquest of the Berbers] have reshaped Northwest Africa after the migratory wave to the Canary Islands" and the "results support, from a maternal perspective, the supposition that since the end of the 16th century, at least, two-thirds of the Canarian population had an indigenous substrate, as was previously inferred from historical and anthropological data."cite journal |author=Maca-Meyer N, Arnay M, Rando JC, "et al" |title=Ancient mtDNA analysis and the origin of the Guanches |journal=Eur. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=155–62 |year=2004 |month=Feb |pmid=14508507 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201075 |url=http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v12/n2/full/5201075a.html] mtDNA haplogroup U subclade U6b1 is Canarian-specific [cite conference
author=Pereira L, Macaulay V, Prata MJ, Amorim A
title=Phylogeny of the mtDNA haplogroup U6. Analysis of the sequences observed in North Africa and Iberia
booktitle=Progress in Forensic Genetics 9. Proceedings from the 19th
pages=491–3
volume=1239
month=Jan |year=2003
url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7581-47W664D-1JF&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=365d5674ca70b3ac4a6f0522140ec294
doi=10.1016/S0531-5131(02)00553-8] and is the most common mtDNA haplogroup found in aboriginal Guanche archaeological burial sites.

Y-DNA, or Y-chromosomal, (direct paternal) lineages were not analyzed in this study. However, an earlier study giving the aboriginal y-DNA contribution at 6% was cited by Maca-Meyer et al. but the results were critiqued as possibly flawed due to the widespread phylogeography of y-DNA haplogroup E1b1b1b, which may skew determination of the aboriginality versus coloniality of contemporary y-DNA lineages in the Canaries. Regardless, Maca-Meyer et al. states that historical evidence does support the explanation of "strong sexual asymmetry...as a result of a strong bias favouring matings between European males and aboriginal females, and to the important aboriginal male mortality during the Conquest.

Links in ancient times

The peak of Teide on Tenerife can be seen on clear days from the African coast. It is possible that the islands were among those visited by the Carthaginian captain Hanno the Navigator in his voyage of exploration along the African coast. The islands may have been visited by the Phoenicians seeking the precious red dye extracted from the orchilla, if the Canaries represent "The Purple Isles" of legend or the Hesperides. Although there is no evidence that Romans established permanent settlements, in 1964 Roman amphorae were discovered in waters off Lanzarote. Discoveries made in the 1990s have demonstrated in more secure detail that the Romans traded with the indigenous inhabitants. Excavations of a settlement at El Bebedero on Lanzarote, made by a team under Pablo Atoche Peña of the Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Juan Ángel Paz Peralta of the Universidad de Zaragoza, yielded about a hundred Roman potsherds, nine pieces of metal, and one piece of glass at the site, in strata dated between the first and fourth centuries A.D. Analysis of the clay indicated origins in Campania, Hispania Baetica and the province of Africa (modern Tunisia).

European traditions that refer to islands in the Western Ocean (the Atlantic) are often linked with the Canaries.

Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages, the islands were visited by the Arabs for commercial purposes. Muslim navigator Ibn Farrukh, from Granada, is said to have landed in "Gando" (Gran Canaria) in February 999, visiting a king named Guanarigato. From the 14th century onward, numerous visits were made by sailors from Mallorca, Portugal, and Genoa. Lancelotto Malocello settled on the island of Lanzarote in 1312. The Mayorcans established a mission with a bishop in the islands that lasted from 1350 to 1400. It is from this mission that the various paintings and statues of the Virgin Mary that are currently venerated in the island were preserved. European disembarkations of Genovese, Castilian and Portuguese missionaries and pirates on Canarian shores became relatively common and the prehispanic populations were subjected to a long, continuous process of Westernisation before the colonisations.

References and notes