Bernard Baruch

Bernard Mannes Baruch (pronEng|bəˈɹuk) (August 18, 1870–June 20, 1965) was a Jewish-American financier, stock market speculator, statesman, and presidential advisor. After his success in business, he devoted his time toward advising Democratic presidents Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt on economic matters.

Early life, education, and career

Bernard Baruch was born in Camden, South Carolina to Simon and Belle Baruch. He was the second of four sons. His father Dr. Simon Baruch (1840-1921) was a German immigrant of Jewish ethnicity who came to the United States in 1855. He became a surgeon on the staff of Confederate general Robert E. Lee during the American Civil War and a pioneer in physical therapy. [Blum, Nava.(2006). "The Development of PM&R in the USA" in the book: ha -Shikum asah historia:maarakhot shikum refui be Yisrael 1940-1956.(Tsefat)pp. 25-26.] His mother's Sephardic Jewish ancestors came to New York in the 1800s and were in the shipping business. In 1881 the family moved to New York City, and Bernard Baruch graduated from the City College of New York eight years later. He eventually became a broker and then a partner in the firm of A. A. Housman and Company. With his earnings and commissions he bought a seat on the New York Stock Exchange for $18,000 (~$458K [http://www.measuringworth.com/ppowerus/?redirurl=calculators/ppowerus/ in 2007 dollars] ). There he amassed a fortune before the age of thirty via speculation in the sugar market. In 1903 he had his own brokerage firm and had gained the reputation of "The Lone Wolf on Wall Street" because of his refusal to join any other financial house. By 1910, he had become one of Wall Street's financial leaders. A residential building is named after him on the Stony Brook University campus.

Presidential Adviser: First World War

During World War I he advised President Woodrow Wilson on national defense, during which time he became the chairman of the War Industries Board. (His stenographer was the then-unknown teenager Billy Rose). Baruch played a major role in turning American industry to full-scale war production. At the war's conclusion, he was seen with President Wilson at the Versailles Peace Conference. He never ran for elective office. He supported numerous Democratic congressmen with $1000 annual campaign donations, and became a popular figure on Capitol Hill. Every election season he would contribute from $100 to $1000 to numerous Democratic candidates.

Under President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's "New Deal", Baruch was a member of the "Brain Trust" and helped form the National Recovery Administration (NRA).

Presidential Adviser: Second World War

During World War II he was a consultant on economic issues and proposed a number of measures including:
*A pay-as-you-go tax plan
* Rent ceilings
*Stockpiling of rubber and tin
* A synthetic rubber program to replace natural rubber; there was not enough of this strategic material.

Baruch argued that in modern war there was little room for free enterprise. He said Washington must control all aspects of the economy and that both business and unions must be subservient to the nation's security interest. Furthermore, price controls were essential to prevent inflation and to maximize military power per dollar. He wanted labor to be organized to facilitate optimum production. Baruch believed labor should be cajoled, coerced, and controlled as necessary: a central government agency would orchestrate the allocation of labor. He supported what was known as a "work or fight" bill. Baruch advocated the creation of a permanent superagency similar to his old Industries Board. Thus Baruch proposed to freeze economic freedom during war in order to preserve it for peace. Obviously his approach enhanced the role of civilian businessmen and industrialists in determining what was needed and who would produce it. [Baruch, "The Public Years," 321–28; Kerry E. Irish, "Apt Pupil: Dwight Eisenhower and the 1930 Industrial Mobilization Plan" "The Journal of Military History" 70.1 (2006) 31-61.] Baruch's ideas were largely adopted, with James Byrnes appointed to carry them out.

In 1946 he was appointed the United States representative to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission (UNAEC) by President Harry S. Truman. As a member of the newly created UNAEC, Baruch suggested the elimination of nuclear weapons after implementation of a system of international controls, inspections, and punishment for violations.

On Friday, June 14 1946, Baruch - widely seen by many scientists and some members of Truman's administration as unqualified for the task - presented his Baruch Plan, a modified version of the Acheson-Lilienthal plan, to the UNAEC, which proposed international control of then-new atomic energy.

The Soviet Union rejected Baruch's proposal as unfair given the fact that the U.S. already had nuclear weapons, instead proposing that the U.S. eliminate its nuclear weapons before a system of controls and inspections was implemented. A stalemate ensued.

Park bench statesman

Baruch was a high profile public figure, and did his best thinking in Washington D.C's Lafayette Park and in New York City's Central Park. It was not uncommon to see him discussing government affairs with other people while sitting on a park bench; this became his trademark. It was said that his office was a park bench near the White House.

In 1960, on his ninetieth birthday, a commemorative park bench in Lafayette Park across from the White House was dedicated to him. He continued to advise on international affairs until his death on Sunday, June 20, 1965, in New York City, at the age of ninety-four.

Quotes

Bernard Baruch is oft-remembered for his many thoughtful and humorous quotations, many of which are used unattributed. Some examples:

* "If all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail."

* "We did not all come over on the same ship, but we are all in the same boat."

* "Vote for the man who promises least; he'll be the least disappointing."

* "Millions saw the apple fall, but Newton was the one who asked why."

* "Most of the successful people I've known are the ones who do more listening than talking."

* "Every man has a right to his opinion, but no man has a right to be wrong in his facts."

* "If you get all the facts, your judgment can be right; if you don't get all the facts, it can't be right."

* "Whatever failures I have known, whatever errors I have committed, whatever follies I have witnessed in private and public life have been the consequence of action without thought."

* "During my eighty-seven years I have witnessed a whole succession of technological revolutions. But none of them has done away with the need for character in the individual or the ability to think."

* "To me, old age is always fifteen years older than I am."

* "One of the secrets of a long and fruitful life is to forgive everybody everything everynight before you go to bed."

* "I made my money by selling too soon."

* "A speculator is a man who observes the future, and acts before it occurs."

* "When good news about the market hits the front page of the New York Times, sell."

* "Never follow the crowd."

* "Never pay the slightest attention to what a company president ever says about his stock."

* "The main purpose of the stock market is to make fools of as many men as possible."

* "If a speculator is correct half of the time, he is hitting a good average. Even being right 3 or 4 times out of 10 should yield a person a fortune if he has the sense to cut his losses quickly on the ventures where he is wrong."

* "If the history of the past fifty years teaches us anything, it is that peace does not follow disarmament - disarmament follows peace."

* Anyone taken as an individual is tolerably sensible...as a member of a crowd, he at once becomes a blockhead (originally a quote from the poet Schiller, and quoted by Baruch in his Foreword to the 1932 version of "Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds" by Charles Mackay, LL.D. (originally published in 1841)).

Mr. Baruch was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1997.

Trivia

*Baruch's faith helped him make his fortune. During his Wall Street days, Baruch sold short, to the limit of his resources, a stock he believed to be overvalued. He expected a quick profit on the next business day, believing the directors would not declare the regular dividend since the company could not afford it. He knew, however, that if the directors bluffed and declared a dividend, the stock could rise, and he would have to cover instantly or lose everything. The day before the dividend declaration day, his mother reminded him that the next day was the Jewish high holiday Yom Kippur, and he had promised to maintain the solemnity of the annual occasion and "keep" the holiday holy. Keeping his promise, Baruch ignored the multiple phone calls and telegrams from his friends who urged him to take his profit and cover. After Yom Kippur had passed, he read the telegrams and learned that, indeed, the dividend had passed. Rather than rising on the news, however, the stock had fallen precipitiously. In the hours he had chatted with his mother, keeping his promise, he had become a millionaire. [The book "Pinchhitter for Presidents" by Beverly Smith, cited in Reader's Digest April 1947 pg. 75.]

*His winter residence was his 17,500 acre (70 km²) Hobcaw Barony on the coast of South Carolina, which he purchased between 1905 and 1910. At Hobcaw House he was host to such world leaders as Winston Churchill and President Roosevelt, who visited for a month in 1944. Other guests included World War I General "Blackjack" Pershing and Edith Bolling Wilson wife of Woodrow Wilson.After his death, it was turned into a wildlife refuge and a living laboratory for colleges
*:Latitude (33.35) Longitude (-79.18)

*In 1931, Sir Winston Churchill was hit by a taxi, while on his way to meet Bernard Baruch.

*He made a $50,000 contribution to Woodrow Wilson's 1912 presidential campaign.

*Upon appointment to his first post by Woodrow Wilson, he divested his considerable financial holdings and sold his New York Stock Exchange seat to serve in government unencumbered.

*Baruch endured days of grilling from Alger Hiss, Counsel for the Senate Munitions Committee (the Nye Committee), answering innuendos about personal finances and wartime profiteering.

*Bernard Baruch was the first to use the term "Cold War" in reference to the conflict between United States and the Soviet Union while giving a speech on April 16, 1947. By September 1947 it was picked up by journalist Walter Lippmann and became standard. See Origins of the Cold War on more information about the origin of the term.

*Baruch owned a tungsten (wolfram) mining community named Atolia in California's Mojave Desert. During the years 1906 to 1926, Baruch spent one month a year at Atolia. The once thriving community of 4,000 individuals became a ghost town when, after World War I, tungsten was no longer considered a strategic material, and lower-cost sources were developed.

*Secretary of Defense James Forrestal had this diary entry about a lunch meeting with Baruch on February 3 1948: "He took the line of advising me not to be active in this particular matter and that I was already identified, to a degree that was not in my own interests, with opposition to the United Nations' policy on Palestine. He said he himself did not approve of the "Zionists' actions, but in the next breath said that the Democratic party could only lose by trying to get our government’s policy reversed, and said that it was a most inequitable thing to let the British arm the Arabs and for us not to furnish similar equipment to the Jews." ["The Forrestal Diaries," Walter Millis, editor, 1951, p. 364.) Correspondence from Baruch to his friend, Forrestal, can be found in the Forrestal papers collection at Princeton for every year from 1940 to Forrestal's death in 1949. [http://infoshare1.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/finding_aids/forrestal/index.html] ]

* The 1949 Warner Brothers Merrie Melodies Cartoon "Rebel Rabbit" features a scene in which Bugs Bunny uses paint to vandalize a park bench, changing it from "Barney Baruch's Private Bench" to "Bugs Bunny's Private Bench".

*Baruch College, in Manhattan, New York has a statue of Bernard Baruch sitting on a bench inside of its entrance center. This statue is often mistaken for a real person.

*He was on the cover of "TIME" magazine a total of three times in his life.

*"In Wall Street it is always "ba-rook"', but his friends say "bahr'ook" [with the stress on the first syllable] ." (Charles Earle Funk, "What's the Name, Please?", Funk & Wagnalls, 1936.)

*His grave is at Flushing Cemetery, Flushing, Queens, New York City, USA
*:Latitude (40.7522) Longitude (-73.7994)
*Mentioned in the musical Annie by Oliver Warbucks in Act 1 Scene 5

Bibliography

Primary sources

*Bernard M. Baruch "Baruch: My Own Story" (1957) two volumes. ISBN 1-56849-095-X
* Bernard M. Baruch; "The Making of the Reparation and Economic Sections of the Treaty" 1920.
* Bernard M. Baruch; "American Industry in War: A Report of the War Industries Board (March 1921)" ed by Richard H. Hippelheuser; 1941.

cholarly secondary sources

*Margaret L. Coit "Mr. Baruch" (2000) ISBN 1-58798-021-5
*Carter Field "Bernard Baruch, Park Bench Statesman" (1944)
*James L. Grant "Bernard M. Baruch: The Adventures of a Wall Street Legend" (1997)ISBN 0-471-17075-5
* Kerry E. Irish, "Apt Pupil: Dwight Eisenhower and the 1930 Industrial Mobilization Plan" "The Journal of Military History" 70.1 (2006) 31-61. Eisenhower worked closely with Baruch in 1930
*Jordan A. Schwartz "The Speculator: Bernard M. Baruch in Washington, 1917–1965" (1981) ISBN 0-8078-1396-6
*William Lindsay White, "Bernard Baruch: Portrait of a Citizen" (1971) ISBN 0-8371-3348-3
*Mary H. Cooper and Patrick Marshall, "Nuclear Proliferation and Terrorism" in "Global Issues: Selections from CQ Researcher" (2007) ISBN 0-87289-410-X

External links

* [http://www.lpitr.state.sc.us/baruch.htm Bernard Baruch Portrait]
* [http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/biography/baruch.html Bernard Baruch - Jewish Virtual Library]
* [http://www.nps.gov/whho/planyourvisit/explore-the-northern-trail.htm#CP_JUMP_100770 - Bernard Baruch Bench Of Inspiration]
* [http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/ Baruch College of the City University of New York]
* [http://www.investmentbankingclub.com/ Investment Banking Club - Bernard Baruch College]
* [http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people/Baruch,+Bernard Annotated bibliography for Bernard Baruch from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues]
* [http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/baruch.htm FBI file on Bernard Baruch]

References