Fin (extended surface)

Fin (extended surface)

In the study of heat transfer, a fin is a surface that extends from an object to increase the rate of heat transfer to or from the environment by increasing convection. The amount of conduction, convection, or radiation of an object determines the amount of heat it transfers. Increasing the temperature difference between the object and the environment, increasing the convection heat transfer coefficient, or increasing the surface area of the object increases the heat transfer. Sometimes it is not economical or it is not feasible to change the first two options. Adding a fin to an object, however, increases the surface area and can sometimes be an economical solution to heat transfer problems.

Contents

Simplified case

To create a simplified equation for the heat transfer of a fin, many assumptions need to be made:

  1. Steady state
  2. Constant material properties (independent of temperature)
  3. No internal heat generation
  4. One-dimensional conduction
  5. Uniform cross-sectional area
  6. Uniform convection across the surface area

With these assumptions, the conservation of energy can be used to create an energy balance for a differential cross section of the fin.[1]

q_x=q_{x+dx}+dq_{conv}\,

Fourier’s law states that

q_x=-kA_c \left ( \frac{dT}{dx} \right ),

where Ac is the cross-sectional area of the differential element.[2] Therefore the conduction rate at x+dx can be expressed as

q_{x+dx}=q_x+\left ( \frac{dq_x}{dx} \right )dx

Hence, it can also be expressed as

q_{x+dx}=-kA_c\left ( \frac{dT}{dx} \right )-k\frac{d}{dx} \left ( A_c\frac{dT}{dx} \right )dx.

Since the equation for heat flux is

q''=h\left (T_s-T_\infty\right )

then dqconv is equal to

h*dA_s \left(T-T_\infty\right)

where As is the surface area of the differential element. By substitution it is found that

\frac{d^2T}{dx^2} = - \left (\frac{1}{A_c}\frac{dA_c}{dx} \right )\frac{dT}{dx} + \left (\frac{1}{A_c} \frac{h}{k} \frac{dA_s}{dx} \right ) \left ( T - T_\infty \right )

This is the general equation for convection from extended surfaces. Applying certain boundary conditions will allow this equation to simplify.

Uniform cross-sectional area

For all four cases, the above equation will simplify because the area is constant and

\frac {dA_s}{dx} = P

where P is the perimeter of the cross-sectional area. Thus, the general equation for convection from extended surfaces with constant cross-sectional area simplifies to

\frac{d^2T}{dx^2}=\frac{hP}{kA_c}\left(T-T_\infty\right).

The solution to the simplified equation is

θ(x) = C1emx + C2e mx

where m^2=\frac{hP}{kA_c}

and \theta_x=T(x)-T_\infty

The constants C1 and C2 can be found by applying the proper boundary conditions. All four cases have the boundary condition T(x = 0) = Tb for the temperature at the base. The boundary condition at x = L, however, is different for all of them, where L is the length of the fin.

For the first case, the second boundary condition is that there is free convection at the tip. Therefore,

hA_c\left(T(L)-T_\infty\right)=-kA_c\left.\left(\frac{dT}{dx}\right)\right\vert_{x=L}

which simplifies to

h\theta(L)=-k\left.\frac{d\theta}{dx}\right\vert_{x=L}

Knowing that

\theta_b=T_{base}-T_\infty,

the equations can be combined to produce

h\left(C_1e^{mL}+C_2e^{-mL}\right)=km\left(C_2e^{-mL}-C_1e^{mL}\right)

C1 and C2 can be solved to produce the temperature distribution, which is in the table below. Then applying Fourier’s law at the base of the fin, the heat transfer rate can be found.

Similar mathematical methods can be used to find the temperature distributions and heat transfer rates for other cases. For the second case, the tip is assumed to be adiabatic or completely insulated. Therefore at x=L,

\frac{d\theta}{dx}=0

because heat flux is 0 at an adiabatic tip. For the third case, the temperature at the tip is held constant. Therefore the boundary condition is:

θ(L) = θL

For the fourth and final case, the fin is assumed to be infinitely long. Therefore the boundary condition is:

\lim_{L\rightarrow \infty} \theta_L=0\,

The temperature distributions and heat transfer rates can then be found for each case.

Temperature distribution and heat transfer rate for fins of uniform cross sectional area
Case Tip condition (x=L) Temperature distribution Fin heat transfer rate
A Convection heat transfer \frac{\theta}{\theta_b}=\frac{\cosh{m(L-x)}+\left(\frac{h}{mk}\right)\sinh {m(L-x)}}{\cosh{mL}+\left(\frac{h}{mk}\right)\sinh{mL}} \sqrt{hPkA_c}\theta_b\frac{\sinh {mL} + (h/mk) \cosh {mL}}{\cosh {mL} + (h/mk) \sinh {mL}}
B Adiabatic \frac{\theta}{\theta_b}=\frac{\cosh {m(L-x)}}{\cosh {mL}} \sqrt{hPkA_c}\theta_b\tanh {mL}
C Constant Temperature \frac{\theta}{\theta_b}=\frac{\frac{\theta_L}{\theta_b}\sinh {mx} + \sinh {m(L-x)}}{\sinh {mL}} \sqrt{hPkA_c}\theta_b\frac{\cosh {mL} - \frac{\theta_L}{\theta_b}}{\sinh {mL}}
D Infinite Fin Length \frac{\theta}{\theta_b}=e^{-mx} \sqrt{hPkA_c}\theta_b

Fin performance

Fin performance can be described in three different ways. The first is fin effectiveness. It is the ratio of the fin heat transfer rate to the heat transfer rate of the object if it had no fin. The formula for this is

\epsilon_f=\frac{q_f}{hA_{c,b}\theta_b},

where Ac,b is the fin cross-sectional area at the base. Fin performance can also be characterized by fin efficiency. This is the ratio of the fin heat transfer rate to the heat transfer rate of the fin if the entire fin were at the base temperature.

The fin efficiency is defined as \eta_f=\frac{q_f} {h A_f \theta_b}

Af in this equation is equal to the surface area of the fin. Fin efficiency will always be less than one. This is because assuming the temperature throughout the fin is at the base temperature would increase the heat transfer rate.

The third way fin performance can be described is with overall surface efficiency.

\eta_o=\frac{q_t}{hA_t\theta_b},

where At is the total area and qt is the sum of the heat transfer rates of all the fins. This is the efficiency for an array of fins.

Fin uses

Fins are most commonly used in heat exchanging devices such as radiators in cars and heat exchangers in power plants.[3][4] They are also used in newer technology such as hydrogen fuel cells.[5] Nature has also taken advantage of the phenomena of fins. The ears of jackrabbits and Fennec Foxes act as fins to release heat from the blood that flows through them.[6]

Footnotes

References

  • Incropera, Frank; DeWitt, David P., Bergman, Theodore L., Lavine, Adrienne S. (2007). Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer (6 ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 2–168. ISBN 0-471-45728-0. 

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужна курсовая?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Fin (disambiguation) — Fin may refer to: * Fin, a surface used to produce lift and thrust or to steer while traveling in water, air, or other fluid media. * Swimfins, fin like shoes used to help movement through the water . * Tailfin, a styling feature of automobiles.… …   Wikipedia

  • Fin — but has been extended to include other animal limbs and man made devices.The foremost use of fins is to ensure the directional stability of an object moving through a fluid such as water or air and may be seen in the use of fletching on arrows… …   Wikipedia

  • Plate fin heat exchanger — A plate fin heat exchanger is a type of heat exchanger design that uses plates and finned chambers to transfer heat between fluids. It is often categorized as a compact heat exchanger to emphasise its relatively high heat transfer surface area to …   Wikipedia

  • Medium Extended Air Defense System — Véhicule lance missile MEADS. Le Medium Extended Air Defense System (MEADS) est un projet militaire destiné à remplacer les système de missiles sol air MIM 104 Patriot et MIM 23 Hawk qui à démarré en 1995. Les États Unis, l Allemagne et l Italie… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • perciform — ▪ fish order Introduction       any member of the order Perciformes, a group of bony fishes with more than 6,000 species placed in about 150 families. The order is the largest group of fishes in the world today. Perciform fishes occur in… …   Universalium

  • Kühlrippe — Kühlrippen eines Kühlkörper für den Computer Vereinfa …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Finland — /fin leuhnd/, n. 1. Finnish, Suomi. a republic in N Europe: formerly a province of the Russian Empire. 5,109,148; 130,119 sq. mi. (337,010 sq. km). Cap.: Helsinki. 2. Gulf of, an arm of the Baltic, S of Finland. * * * Finland Introduction Finland …   Universalium

  • Life Sciences — ▪ 2009 Introduction Zoology       In 2008 several zoological studies provided new insights into how species life history traits (such as the timing of reproduction or the length of life of adult individuals) are derived in part as responses to… …   Universalium

  • literature — /lit euhr euh cheuhr, choor , li treuh /, n. 1. writings in which expression and form, in connection with ideas of permanent and universal interest, are characteristic or essential features, as poetry, novels, history, biography, and essays. 2.… …   Universalium

  • locomotion — /loh keuh moh sheuhn/, n. the act or power of moving from place to place. [1640 50; see LOCOMOTIVE, MOTION] * * * Any of various animal movements that result in progression from one place to another. Locomotion is classified as either… …   Universalium

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”