Ulan-Ude

Infobox Russian city
EnglishName=Ulan-Ude
RussianName=Улан-Удэ
LocalName1=Улаан-Үдэ
LocalLangName1=Buryat
Skyline=Ulan Ude.jpg
Skyline

LatDeg=51
LatMin=50
LatSec
LonDeg=107
LonMin=36
LonSec
Locator

LatDeg=51
LatMin=50
LatSec
LonDeg=107
LonMin=36
LonSec
Locator

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LocatorMap



Flag
CityDay=June 12
FederalSubject=Buryat Republic
MunStatus=Urban okrug
InJurisdictionOf=Buryat Republic
AdmCtrType=Capital
AdmCtrOf=Buryat Republic
LeaderType=Mayor
LeaderName=Gennady Aydayev
Legislature=City Council of Deputies
Charter=Charter of Ulan-Ude
Area
AreaRank
Population=359391
PopulationRank=47th
FoundationDate=1666
Event1=Town status (as "Udinsk")
Event1Date=1775
Event2=Renamed "Verkhneudinsk"
Event2Date=1783
Event3=Renamed "Ulan-Ude"
Event3Date=1934
PostalCode=670000
DialingCode=301
Website=http://www.administration.u-ude.ru/

Ulan-Ude ( _ru. Ула́н-Удэ́; _bx. Улаан-Үдэ "Ulaan-Üde") is the capital city of the Buryat Republic, Russia, is located about 100 km south-east of Lake Baikal on the Uda River at its confluence with the Selenga. According to the 2002 Census, 359,391 residents lived in Ulan-Ude, up from 351,806 recorded in 1989 [http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/English/1-4.xls Russian Census] Cities and towns with population of 50 thousand people and over in 1989 and 2002.] and it is the third largest city in eastern Siberia.

Names

Ulan-Ude was first called Udinskoye (Russian: У́динское) for its location on the Uda River. From around 1735, the settlement was called Udinsk (Russian: У́динск) and was granted town status under that name in 1775. However, its name was changed to Verkhneudinsk, literally "Upper Udinsk" (Russian: Верхнеу́динск "Verxneudinsk"; Buryat: Дээдэ-Үдэ "Deede-Üde"; _mn. Дээд Үүд "Deed Üüd"; Classical Mongolian: "Degedy Egüde"), in 1783 to differentiate it from Nizhneudinsk ("Lower Udinsk") lying on a different Uda River near Irkutsk which gained town status that year. (The "upper" and "lower" refer to positions of the two cities relative to each other, not the location of the cities on their respective Uda rivers. Verkhneudinsk lies at the mouth of its Uda, i.e. the lower end, while Nizhneudinsk is along the middle stretch of its Uda.) The current name of Ulan-Ude (Russian: Ула́н-Удэ́; Buryat: Улаан-Үдэ "Ulaan-Üde"; Mongolian: Улаан Үүд "Ulaan Üüd"; Classical Mongolian: "Ulaɣan Egüde") was bestowed upon the city in 1934 and means "red Uda" or "red gate" in Buryat reflecting the communist ideology of the Soviet Union to which it belonged.

History

The first occupants of the area where Ulan-Ude now stands were the Evenks and, later, the Buryat Mongols. Ulan-Ude was founded in 1666 by the Russian Cossacks as Udinskoye. Due to its favourable geographical position, the city grew rapidly and became a large trade centre which connected Russia with China and Mongolia and, from 1690, was the administrative center of the Transbaikal region. In 1775, the city, now Udinsk, was chartered as a city and in in 1783 was renamed Verkhneudinsk. After a large fire in 1878, the city was almost completely rebuilt. The Trans-Siberian Railway reached the city in 1900 causing an explosion in growth. The population which was 3500 in 1880 reached 126,000 in 1939. On 27 July 1934, the city was renamed Ulan-Ude.

Geography and climate

Ulan-Ude lies km to mi|5640|precision=-1 east of Moscow and km to mi|100|precision=-1 south-east of Lake Baikal. It is located m to ft|600|precision=-1 above mean sea level at the foot of the Khamar-Daban and Khrebet Ulan-Burgasy mountain ranges, next to the confluence of the Selenga River and its tributary, the Uda which divides the city into two parts.

Ulan Ude has a moderate subarctic climate with mean temperatures of C to F|+1.7. The hottest month, July, has a mean temperature of C to F|+26.9 and the coldest, January, is C to F|-24.8. Ulan-Ude receives an average mm to in|264 of precipitation per year, mostly in the summer.

Population

According to the 2002 Census, 359,391 residents lived in Ulan-Ude, up from 351,806 recorded in 1989. [http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/English/1-4.xls Russian Census] Cities and towns with population of 50 thousand people and over in 1989 and 2002.] It is the third largest city in East Siberia.

The ethnic makeup of the city's population in 2002:
*Russians: 73.1%
*Buryats: 21.4%
*Ukrainians: 2.6%
*Tatars: 0.8%
*Others: 2.1 %

The city is the center of Tibetan Buddhism in Russia and the important Ivolginsky datsan is located 23 km from the city.

Transport

Ulan Ude is located on the main line (Trans-Siberian line) of the Trans-Siberian Railway between Irkutsk and Chita at the junction of the Trans-Mongolian line (the Trans-Mongolian Railway) which begins at Ulan Ude and continues south through Mongolia to Beijing in China. The city also lies on the M55 section of the Baikal Highway (part of the Trans-Siberian Highway), the main federal road to Vladivostok. Air traffic is served by the Ulan-Ude Airport (Mukhino), as well as the smaller Ulan-Ude Vostochny Airport. Intracity transport includes tram, bus, and "marshrutka" (share taxi) lines.

Culture

ights

Until 1991, Ulan-Ude was city closed to foreigners. There are old merchants' mansions richly decorated with wood and stone carving in the historical center of Ulan-Ude, along the river banks which are exceptional examples of Russian classicism. The city has a large ethnographic museum which recalls the history of the peoples of the region. There is also a large and highly unusual statue of the head of Lenin in the central square, the largest in the world.

ister cities

*flagicon|United States Berkeley, California, United States [Cite web|url=http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/NIS/Russia/index|title=Online Directory: Russian Federation, Eurasia|publisher=Sister Cities International|accessdate=2008-09-18]

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References