Pinolenic acid

Pinolenic acid
IUPAC name (5Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-5,9,12-trienoic acid
Other names Columbinic acid
Identifiers
CAS number	16833-54-8
PubChem	5312493
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
SMILES CCCCC\C=C\C\C=C\CC\C=C\CCCC(=O)O
Properties
Molecular formula	C18H30O2
Molar mass	278.4296 g/mol
Y acid (verify) (what is: Y/N?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Pinolenic acid (often misspelled as Pinoleic acid) is a fatty acid contained in the Korean Pine nut and the seeds of other conifers (Taxaceae). The highest percentage of pinolenic acid is found in Siberian pine nuts and the oil produced by them.

Chemistry and biochemistry

Pinolenic acid is formally designated as all-cis-5,9,12-18:3.^{[1] [2]} Some sources also use the term columbinic acid for this substance.^[2] But columbinic acid sometimes designates an E-Z isomer (trans,cis,cis delta-5,9,12/18:3) in the biologic literature.^[3]

Pinolenic acid is an isomer of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). GLA is an ω-6 essential fatty acid (EFA) but pinolenic acid is not. However, like the EFAs, it forms biologically active metabolites in the presence of cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase. These metabolites can partially relieve some of the symptoms of EFA deficiency.^[4]

Physiology

Recent research has shown its potential use in weight loss by curbing the appetite.^[5] Pinolenic acid causes the triggering of two hunger suppressants—cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Pinolenic acid may have LDL-lowering properties by enhancing hepatic LDL uptake.^[6] It is sometimes used as a pesticide.^[7]

References

Pine nuts are a rich source of pinolenic acid

1. ^ Cyberlipid Center. "POLYENOIC FATTY ACIDS". http://www.cyberlipid.org/fa/acid0003.htm#1e. Retrieved 2007-10-24. 
2. ^ ^{a b} PubChem. "PubChem - CID 5312493". http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=5312493. Retrieved 2007-10-25. 
3. ^ Tanaka T, Hattori T, Kouchi M, Hirano K, Satouchi K (1998). "Methylene-interrupted double bond in polyunsaturated fatty acid is an essential structure for metabolism by the fatty acid chain elongation system of rat liver". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1393 (2–3): 299–306. PMID 9748638. 
4. ^ Elliott WJ, Sprecher H, Needleman P (1985). "Physiologic effects of columbinic acid and its metabolites on rat skin". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 835 (1): 158–60. PMID 3924106. 
5. ^ "Korean pine nut may offer help for obesity". http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20060908/hl_nm/indonesia_pinenut_dc. Retrieved 2006-09-08. ^{[dead link]}
6. ^ Lee JW, Lee KW, Lee SW, Kim IH, Rhee C. (April 2004). "Selective increase in pinolenic acid (all-cis-5,9,12-18:3) in Korean pine nut oil by crystallization and its effect on LDL-receptor activity". Lipids 39 (4): 383–7. doi:10.1007/s11745-004-1242-2. PMID 15357026. 
7. ^ PAN Pesticides Database. "Pinoleic acid - Identification, toxicity, use, water pollution potential, ecological toxicity and regulatory information". http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC36218. Retrieved 2007-10-24.