Classic Maya language

The Classic Maya language is the oldest historically attested member of the Mayan language family. It is the main language documented in the pre-Columbian inscriptions of the Classic Era Maya civilization.

Relationships

Classic Maya is a direct descendent of Proto-Mayan and the common ancestor of three branches of Mayan languages - Cholan, Yucatecan and the more distantly related Huastecan. These branches have contemporary living descendant languages, which include the Ch'ol language and Yukatek (Yucatec) Maya. Modern Ch'ol and Yucatec speakers can understand many words in Classic Maya.

Writing system

Main article: Maya script

Classic Maya is the principal language documented in the writing system used by the pre-Columbian Maya, and is particularly represented in inscriptions from the lowland regions and the period c. 200—900 CE. The writing system (generally known as the Maya Script) has some similarities in function (but is not related to) other logosyllabic writing systems such as Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, in which a combination of logographic and syllabic signs (graphemes) are used. The script's corpus of graphemes features a core of syllabic signs which reflect the phonology of the Classic Maya language spoken in the region and at that time, which were also combined or complemented by a larger number of logographs. Thus the expressions of Classic Maya could be written in a variety of ways, represented either as logograms, logograms with phonetic complements, logograms plus syllables, or in a purely syllabic combination. For example, in one common pattern many verb and noun roots are given by logographs, while their grammatical affixes were written syllabically, much like modern Japanese.

Grammar

Like the other Mayan languages, Classic Maya is verb–subject–object and ergative in its basic typology. Being polysynthetic, it uses both prefixes and suffixes to show grammatical function. Nouns are not inflected for case or gender. There is also an entire class of intransitives that convey the object's spatial position. In addition, the language employs counter words when quantifying nouns and uses a vigesimal number system. Verbs are not conjugated according to tense, but rather are semantically altered by a series of aspect particles.

References

Aulie, H. Wilbur; and Evelyn Aulie (Eds.) (1999) [1978] (PDF). Diccionario Ch'ol de Tumbalá, Chiapas, con variaciones dialectales de Tila y Sabanilla. Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas "Mariano Silva y Aceves", No. 121. Emily F. Scharfe de Stairs (1996 re-editing) (2nd edition, electronic reproduction with March 2005 corrections ed.). London and México D.F: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. ISBN 968-31-0291-3. http://www.sil.org/mexico/maya/chol-tumbala/S121a-Diccionario-CTU.htm.  (Spanish)

Boot, Erik (2002). "A Preliminary Classic Maya-English/English-Classic Maya Vocabulary of Hieroglyphic Readings" (PDF). Mesoweb Articles. Mesoweb. http://www.mesoweb.com/resources/vocabulary/Vocabulary.pdf. Retrieved 2007-07-06. 

Coe, Michael D. (1992). Breaking the Maya Code. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05061-9. 

Hernández de León-Portilla, Ascención (2004). "Lenguas y escrituras mesoamericanas". Arqueología Mexicana XII (70): 20–25. ISSN 0188-8218. http://arqueomex.com/S2N3nLENGUA70.html. Retrieved 2007-07-06.  (Spanish)

Houston, Stephen D. (1989). Reading the Past: Maya Glyphs. London: British Museum Publications. ISBN 0-7141-8069-6. 

Kettunen, Harri; and Christophe Helmke (2005) (PDF). Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs. Wayeb and Leiden University. http://www.mesoweb.com/resources/handbook/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-06. 

Montgomery, John; with revisions by Peter Mathews and Christophe Helmke (2002–2007). "Dictionary of Maya Hieroglyphs" (online version). Maya Hieroglyphic writing: Dictionaries. Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc (FAMSI). http://www.famsi.org/mayawriting/dictionary/montgomery/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-06. 

Stuart, David (December 1987). "Ten Phonetic Syllables" (PDF). Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing, 14 (online publication: October 2005 ed.). Washington, D.C.: Center for Maya Research. http://www.mesoweb.com/bearc/cmr/14.html. Retrieved 2007-07-06. 

Thompson, J. Eric S. (1971). Maya Hieroglyphic Writing; An Introduction. Civilization of the American Indian Series (No. 56) (3rd ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-806-10447-3.