Newcomb's Tables of the Sun

Newcomb's Tables of the Sun is the short title and running head of a work by the American astronomer and mathematician Simon Newcomb entitled "Tables of the Motion of the Earth on its Axis and Around the Sun" on pages 1–169 of "Tables of the Four Inner Planets" (1895),^[1] volume VI of the serial publication Astronomical Papers prepared for the use of the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac. The work contains Newcomb's mathematical development of the position of the Earth in the Solar System, which is constructed from classical celestial mechanics as well as centuries of astronomical measurements. The bulk of the work, however, is a collection of tabulated precomputed values that provide the position of the sun at any point in time.

Newcomb's Tables were the basis for practically all ephemerides of the Sun published from 1900 through 1983, including the annual almanacs of the U.S. Naval Observatory and the Royal Greenwich Observatory. The tables are seldom used now; since the Astronomical Almanac for 1984 they have been superseded by more accurate numerically-integrated ephemerides developed at Jet Propulsion Laboratory, based on much more accurate observations than were available to Newcomb. Also, the tables did not account for the effects of general relativity which was unknown at the time. Nevertheless, his tabulated values remain accurate to within a few seconds of arc to this day.

Newcomb's work was no small accomplishment, especially considering that it predated the advent of digital computers by more than a half century. Emphasis is often placed on the tables themselves, rather than the underlying theory. The latter may turn out to be the more enduring work because the formulas he developed are still used in astronomical software and other computer algorithms.

Newcomb developed similar formulas and tables for the other planets; those of the inner planets have proved to be the most accurate.

Expressions

Certain expressions have been cited in a number of other works over a long period, and are listed below. Newcomb assigns the symbol T to the time since "1900, Jan. 0, Greenwich Mean noon", measured in Julian centuries of 36,525 days.^[2]

Sun's geometric mean longitude

The Sun's geometric mean longitude, freed from aberration is given as^[3]

L = 279° 41' 48.04" + 129 602 768.13 T + 1.089 T²

Authors citing this expression include Borkowski (p. 12) and the Nautical Almanac Offices of the United Kingdom and United States (p. 98).

Fictitious mean Sun

Newcomb gives the Right ascension of the fictitious mean Sun, affected by aberration (which is used in finding mean solar time) as^[4]

τ = 18^h 38^m 45.836^s + 8640184.542^s T + 0.0929^s T²

Authors citing this expression include McCarthy & Seidelmann (p. 13) and the Nautical Almanac Offices of the United Kingdom and United States (p. 73).

Discontinuance

By 1970 the astronomical community recognized the need for improved ephemerides, which are used to prepare national almanacs. The changes required were

• a new fundamental catalog of stars to replace FK4
• the use of improved values of astronomical constants that had been discovered
• a better definition and practical realization of ephemeris time which would take advantage of atomic time
• a new epoch to replace 1950.0^[5]

It was decided to introduce as many changes as possible at one time in a consistent system, and the new system would go into effect for the 1984 edition of the ephemerides. "The majority of the resolutions were prepared and adopted by the General Assembly of the IAU at the 1976 and 1979 meetings."^[6]

The new fundamental ephemeris was prepared by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and named DE200/LE200. It uses numerical integration.^[7]

Notes

1. ^ Newcomb, Tables of the Four Inner Planets, 1–169.
2. ^ Newcomb, Tables of the Four Inner Planets, 9
3. ^ Newcomb, Tables of the Four Inner Planets, 9
4. ^ Newcomb, Tables of the Four Inner Planets, 9
5. ^ [U.S.] Nautical Almanac Office and H.M. Nautical Almanac Office, S5.
6. ^ ibid., S5.
7. ^ ibid., S26.

Works cited

• Borkowski, K. M. "The Tropical Year and Solar Calendar". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 85 no. 3 (1990): 121–130.
• McCarthy, D. D. & Seidelmann, P. K. TIME from Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics. (Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2009).
• [U.S.] Nautical Almanac Office and HM Nautical Almanac Office. "The Improved IAU System", a supplement bound with The Astronomical Almanac for the Year 1984. (Washington and London: U.S. Government Printing Office and Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1983).
• Nautical Almanac Offices of the United Kingdom and United States of America. Explanatory Supplement to the Ephemeris. (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1961).
• Newcomb, Simon. Tables of the Four Inner Planets, 2nd ed. (Washington: Bureau of Equipment, Navy Dept., 1898).