War Cabinet

A War Cabinet is a committee formed by a government in time of war. It is usually a subset of the full executive cabinet of ministers. It is also quite common for a War Cabinet to have senior military officers and opposition politicians as members.

United Kingdom

First World War

During the First World War, lengthy Cabinet discussions came to be seen as a source of vacillation in Britain's war effort. In December 1916 it was proposed that the Prime Minister Herbert Asquith should delegate decision-making to a small, three-man committee chaired by the Secretary of State for War David Lloyd George. Asquith initially agreed (provided he retained the right to chair the committee if he chose) before changing his mind after being infuriated by an article in "The Times" which portrayed the proposed change as a defeat for him. The political crisis grew from this point until Asquith was forced to resign as Prime Minister; he was succeeded by David Lloyd George who therefore formed a small War Cabinet. Members of the War Cabinet were:

*David Lloyd George
*Lord Curzon of Kedleston (Lord President of the Council)
*Andrew Bonar Law (Chancellor of the Exchequer)

Other members:
*Arthur Henderson (December 1916 - August 1917)
*Lord Milner (December 1916 - April 1918)
*Jan Smuts (June 1917 - January 1919)
*George Barnes (May 1917 - January 1919)
*Sir Austen Chamberlain (April 1918 - October 1919)
*Sir Eric Geddes (January 1919 - October 1919)

Unlike a normal peacetime Cabinet, few of these men had departmental responsibilities. The Foreign Secretary, Arthur Balfour was never a member of the War Cabinet, nor were the Secretary of State for War (Lord Derby) nor the First Lord of the Admiralty Edward Carson, nor the Minister of Munitions Winston Churchill (from mid 1917) although Lord Milner became Secretary of State for War in 1918.

From the northern spring of 1917, the British war cabinet was superseded by the Imperial War Cabinet, which had representation from the Dominions. Its members were:

* Lloyd George
* Sir Robert Borden, Prime Minister of Canada
* Louis Botha, Prime Minister of South Africa
* Billy Hughes, Prime Minister of Australia
* William Massey, Prime Minister of New Zealand
* Jan Smuts
* the British Secretary of State for India and other senior ministers from Britain and the dominions.

econd World War

On 3 September 1939, Neville Chamberlain announced his War Cabinet.

*Prime Minister: N. Chamberlain (Cons)
*Lord Privy Seal: Sir Samuel Hoare (Cons)
*Chancellor of the Exchequer: Sir John Simon (Nat. Liberal)
*Foreign Secretary: Viscount Halifax (Cons)
*Secretary of State for War: L. Hore-Belisha (Nat. Liberal)
*Secretary of State for Air: Sir Kingsley Wood (Cons)
*First Lord of the Admiralty: W. S Churchill (Cons)
*Minister for the Co-Ordination of Defence: Lord Chatfield (Cons)
*Minister without Portfolio: Lord Hankey (Liberal)

Dominated largely by Conservative ministers who served under Chamberlain's National Government between 1937 and 1939, the additions of Lord Hankey (Liberal and a former Cabinet Secretary from the First World War) and Winston Churchill (strong anti-appeaser) seemed to give the Cabinet more balance. Unlike Lloyd George's War Cabinet, the members of this one were also heads of Government Departments.

In January 1940, after disagreements with the Chiefs of Staff, Hore-Belisha resigned from the National Government, refusing a new position as Minister of Information. He was succeeded by Oliver Stanley.

When he became Prime Minister during the Second World War, Winston Churchill formed a War Cabinet, initially consisting of the following:

* Winston Churchill (Conservative)
* Neville Chamberlain (Conservative)
* Clement Attlee (Labour)
* Lord Halifax (Conservative)
* Arthur Greenwood (Labour)It would undergo many changes in composition over the next five years.

Falklands War, 1982

*Prime Minister - Margaret Thatcher
*Deputy Prime Minister & Home Secretary - Willie Whitelaw
*Secretary of State for Foreign & Commonwealth Affairs - Francis Pym
*Secretary of State for Defence - John Nott
*Chief of the Defence Staff - Admiral Lewin
*Attorney General - Michael Havers

Australia

At the Imperial Conference in London in 1937, the Australian government had agreed to form a War Cabinet on the outbreak of war. [harvnb|Horner|1996|p=2] The Full Cabinet approved the formation of the War Cabinet on 26 September 1939. [harvnb|Horner|1996|p=3] As neither Earle Page's Country Party nor John Curtin's Australian Labor Party would join in a coalition government with Menzies' United Australia Party, [harvnb|Hasluck|1952|pp=112-113] the War Cabinet initially consisted of:
* Robert Menzies (Prime Minister and Treasurer)
* Richard Casey (Minister for Supply)
* Geoffrey Street (Minister for Defence)
* George McLeay (Minister for Commerce)
* Henry Gullett (Minister for Information)
* William Hughes (Attorney General) [harvnb|Horner|1996|pp=2-3] In November 1939, the Department of Defence was split up. Street became Minister for Army, Menzies also became Minister for Defence Coordination, and three more ministers joined the War Cabinet:
* James Fairbairn (Minister for Air)
* Frederick Stewart (Minister for Navy)
* Harry Foll (Minister for Interior) [harvnb|Horner|1996|p=4]

Following the deaths of Fairbairn, Stewart and Gullett in Canberra air disaster, 1940 and the loss of seats in the Australian federal election, 1940 the War Cabinet of October 1940 consisted of:
* Robert Menzies (Prime Minister and Minister for Defence Coordination)
* Arthur Fadden (Deputy Prime Minister and Treasurer)
* John McEwen (Minister for Air)
* Percy Spender (Minister for Army)
* Billy Hughes (Attorney General and Minister for Navy)
* Harry Foll (Minister for Interior)
* Philip McBride (Minister for Munitions) (from 26 June 1941) [harvnb|Hasluck|1952|p=574]

The government was replaced by a Labor one on 3 October 1941. A new War Cabinet was formed, consisting of:
* John Curtin (Prime Minister and Minister for Defence Coordination)
* Frank Forde (Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Army)
* Ben Chifley (Treasurer)
* Doc Evatt (Attorney General and Minister for External Affairs)
* Jack Beasley (Minister for Supply)
* Norman Makin (Minister for Navy and Minister for Munitions)
* Arthur Drakeford (Minister for Air)
* John Dedman (Minister for Interior) (from 11 December 1941) [harvnb|Hasluck|1952|p=577]

Frederick Shedden, the Permanent Secretary of the Department of Defence, served as secretary of the War Cabinet, [harvnb|Hasluck|1952|pp=421-422] which met regularly throughout the war. It held its last meeting in Canberra on 19 January 1946. [harvnb|Horner|1996|p=197]

United States

In response to the September 11, 2001 attacks, United States President George W. Bush created a War Cabinet. They met at Camp David on the weekend of September 15 to shape what became the War on Terrorism.

The Cabinet comprised
*President Bush
*Vice President Dick Cheney
*Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld
*National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice
*Secretary of State Colin Powell
*Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet
*Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Hugh Shelton
*Attorney General John Ashcroft
*Secretary of the Treasury Paul O'Neill
*Counselor to the President Karen Hughes
*White House Press Secretary Ari Fleischer
*FBI Director Robert Mueller
*Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz
*White House Chief of Staff Andy Card.

Notes

References

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